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, in ‘Braeburn’ apple leaves bearing low or no crop load ( Wünsche et al., 2005 ). This reduction may have been induced by plant growth regulators or it may be a response to a change in intercellular CO 2 concentrations. Moreover, the availability of

adventitious root growth from the scion with the chamberless healing method reduces the need to remove them before transplanting to the field. No differences in transpiration rate, net CO 2 assimilation rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, g S to CO 2

). To reduce transpiration and improve the water utilization rate, plants will close stomata and constraint the diffusion of CO 2 . Uneven stomatal closure reduces intercellular CO 2 concentration and thus affects the photosynthetic rate of plants

Lichtenthaler and Wellburn (1983) . Photosynthetic activity measurements. The net photosynthetic rates (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) were measured in the field on sun-exposed leaves (n = 10 leaves per tree

to Ls =1 – C i /C a , where C i is the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration and C a is the ambient CO 2 concentration ( Duan et al., 2014 ). Instantaneous WUE (InstWUE) at the leaf scale was calculated as the amount of carbon gain in

absorption spectrophotometer (ZEEnit-700P; Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany). The photosynthesis parameters of the leaves, including net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr

lower saponin concentrations of 12.5 and 25 µg·mL −1 reduced in recoverable E. coli populations and were similar to the inoculated treatment without saponin and contained populations that ranged from 2.15 to 2.32 log cfu/mL. The inoculated treatments

samples was mixed with 0.3 g CuSO 4 , 3 g anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and 10 to 12 mL concentrated H 2 SO 4 . After digestion and dissolution, the N content was assayed using a Kjeldahl nitrogen apparatus (K9860; Hanon instruments Co., Ltd., Jinan, China

comprised of the powder form of IBA equivalent to 8000 mg·L −1 (Hormodin #3; 0.8% a.i.). The liquid + powder treatment involved first dipping cuttings in a 5000 mg·L −1 KIBA solution followed by rolling in powder [Hormodin #2 (Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ); 0

with a mixed solution containing acetone, ethanol, and water (the volume ratio, 4.5:4.5:1). Photosynthetic parameters and CO 2 exchange. Net photosynthetic rate (P N ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci), and