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supplemental lighting. Moreover, solar radiation is comprised of 30% to 33% green light regardless of time of year ( Gómez and Mitchell, 2015 ). Green light has been shown to inhibit the action of cryptochrome, likely through modifying the photoreduction cycle

Seed propagation of bedding plants for spring markets commonly begins during the late winter months, when the greenhouse photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) in northern latitudes can be as low as 1 to 5 mol·m –2 ·d –1 ( Pramuk and Runkle

One of the environmental concerns in the production of potted plants is the use of plant growth retardants (PGRs) for the control of plant height. In the search for alternatives to PGRs, changes in light quality [e.g., increased red to far

tubes, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as sources of light. Model plants, such as Arabidopsis and tomato, complete their life cycle normally under fluorescent tubes or HID lamps; however, these are not

dark respiration (μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ). In addition, the above equation was solved for the PPF (μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) where P g = R d and P g = 0.95 × P gmax to determine the light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP

relevant crop production metrics to both instantaneous intensity of PAR , defined as the photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD , μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ), and accumulated light over the complete production cycle, defined as total light integral (TLI, mol·m −2

pattern to reduce shading from any adjacent plant. The light intensity within each growth chamber was calibrated and checked daily using an Apogee Instruments MQ-500 PAR reader (Logan, UT). All growth chambers were set at 16/8-h light cycles at a

, especially α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) added to the rooting medium. Tissue-cultured plantlets use the sugar in the medium as a carbon source, high light intensity is usually not necessary, and small airtight culture vessels must be used to avoid

control and enhanced ultraviolet-B light conditions. ( A ) Perennial ryegrass. ( B ) Tall fescue. ( C ) Creeping bentgrass ‘L93’. ( D ) Creeping bentgrass ‘Penncross’. Data combined from two experiments for each grass. (1–9 scale, 1 = brown/dead, 9 = dark

darkness at 26 °C as described by Chen and Kuehnle (1996) . Green plants were grown under cool-white fluorescent laboratory lights (10 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) in 200-mL jars of Medium #1A. Etiolated and light-grown differentiated tissues used for cocultivation