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high tissue water levels ( Lee et al., 2004 ; Marcum et al., 1998 ; Marcum and Murdoch, 1990 , 1994 ; Peacock and Dudeck, 1985 ). Salinity tolerance mechanisms in other warm-season grass species such as zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica ) and

has been reported to range from 0.7 to 2.8 mmol/kg soil/h ( Yao et al., 2009 , 2011 ). Weight loss of bermudagrass pellets, st. augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Stued., ‘Meyer’) stolons were

, research has demonstrated that applications of CaCl 2 treatments resulted in higher concentrations of Chl a and Chl b in Zoysia japonica under drought conditions ( Xu et al., 2013 ). These studies demonstrated that Ca treatments may have a bigger

( Zoysia japonica Steud.) ( Beard, 1973 ; Musser and Perkins, 1969 ; Ruemmele et al., 1993 ). According to Savage (1934) , rooted and unrooted buffalograss stolons will establish in the same way strawberry ( Fragaria sp. L.) runners take root in soil

, 2002 ; Turgeon, 2008 ). Some researchers have found that turfgrass is able to tolerate moderate drought ( DaCosta and Huang, 2006 ; Fu et al., 2004 ; Gilbeault et al., 1985 ). Tall fescue, bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ), and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia

in turfgrasses such as Cynodon dactylon ( Long et al., 2016 ) and Zoysia japonica ( Guo et al., 2008 ); however, limited SSR sequence information is available for P. vaginatum , which restricts the development of molecular markers and analysis of

provide pollinator nutrition and habitat. Zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) and buffalograss [ Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus] have successfully demonstrated ability to support flowering bulbs ( Richardson et al., 2015 ; Wisdom et al., 2019

salinity in bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] ( Baldwin et al., 2006 ), heat stress in kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) ( Heckman et al., 2001 ), drought in zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) and perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L

bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) had higher shoot survival after submersion than did St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and zoysaigrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.), whereas centipedegrass [ Eremochla ophiuroides (Munro) Hack

bulbs can persist in zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) and bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) in transition zone environments, providing color and biodiversity to dormant turfgrass situations. However, both studies examined a small number of bulb