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phytochrome and metabolic products of photosynthesis. The physiologically active form of phytochrome (P fr ), which is activated by red light, stimulates gene expression of NR on the transcriptional level ( Rajasekhar et al., 1988 ). An indirect effect of

/b binding protein family were found to be expressed in leaf tissue ( Piechulla et al., 1991 ). Rice phytochrome was found biologically active in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) ( Kay et al., 1989 ). The chlorophyll a/b binding protein of

Sequential light programs shape kale ( Brassica napus ) sprout appearance and alter metabolic and nutrient content Hort. Res. 1 1 13 Casal, J.J. Smith, H. 1989 The “end-of-day” phytochrome control of internode elongation in mustard: Kinetics, interaction with

( Girault et al., 2008 ). Changing red:far-red ratio affects the phytochrome status ( Franklin and Whitelam, 2005 ). The contrast between the current findings (no effect of red:far-red at bud level on budbreak) to literature reporting decreased budbreak when

). Phytochrome is the photoreceptor responsible for light-regulated growth responses. The phytochrome molecule is a dissolvable chromoprotein with subunits that are made up of a linear tetrapryrrole chromophore covalently linked to a polypeptide of 120 to 127

eliciting shade-avoidance responses through phytochromes ( Park and Runkle, 2017 ). Under a background lighting with BR (20% B and 80% R; B 20 R 80 ) at a PPFD of 130 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 , adding FR with increased levels from ≈12 to 149 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 (i

following PM; 6 d after PM, seeds were ≈8.5% water content, which was maintained until harvest ( Fig. 4 ). The light requirement for lettuce seed germination is mediated by the action of phytochrome, a soluble protein found in two interconvertible forms

photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) of 160 µmol·m −2 ·s –1 . The subscript values after each LED type represent its percentage of the total PPF , and values in parentheses are the estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium ( Sager et al., 1988 ). Table 1. Actual air

( VvFt) were based on published sequence ( Sreekantan and Thomas, 2006 ). Markers for phytochrome A ( VvPHYA ), phytochrome B ( VvPHYB ), phytochrome C ( VvPHYC ), phytochrome E ( VvPHYE ), cryptochrome 1 ( VvCRY1 ), and CONSTANS ( VvCO ) were based on

). Phytochrome regulates expression of phytoene synthase, a key step on the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in tomato fruit ( Alba et al., 2000 ; Schofield and Paliyath, 2005 ). Similar results were observed for carotenoids in pepper leaves ( Simkin et al., 2003