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Sucrose is the principal sugar in plants and plays a vital role in plant growth and development ( Rolland et al., 2006 ) by serving as a critical molecule for carbohydrate and energy flow from source organs to sink organs ( Salerno and Curatti, 2003

formation on large stem cuttings. The direct relationship between carbohydrate status at the time of stem excision and propagation success rates indicates that the inclusion of a plant physiologist with knowledge of source–sink relations may be a

-associated composition likely differs depending upon relative proximity to sinks (e.g., shoots) and sources (e.g., roots). Nickel deficiency quantitatively alters xylem sap ureido-N composition in a manner similar to that observed in actively growing Ni-deficient pecan

. parodii Steere [= P. axillaris subsp. parodii (Steere) Cabrera ] with white flowers have also been proposed as a likely parent of garden petunias ( Sink, 1975 ). Thus, it was a common idea that the garden petunias have been bred through cross

plants and many other herbaceous species to increase branching and abscise sink tissues. Ethephon is lipophilic and, on entering the relatively more basic apoplastic environment, undergoes a degradation reaction releasing ethylene, Cl – , and H 2 PO 4

, enhance the partition of accumulates from source and sink, and reduce vegetative growth and improve yield of the field crops ( Zhang et al., 2009 ). However, effect of PGRs on yield and plant development varied from species to species ( Rademacher, 2015

. Also, competition among fruit is thought to be proportional to sink size, which in turn is related to fruit and seed mass, but not to fruit number ( Farinelli et al., 2002b ; Rosati et al., 2010 ). In many fruit growth models such as the “Peach” model

source-sink relationships between plants shows that sinks (fruit) cannot produce high yields when the source (roots/leaves) capacity is limited ( Venkateswarlu and Visperas, 1987 ). It has been further reported that fully grown leaves become the source

be continuously supplied in the root zone to enter tissues through the xylem; they can be redirected from more mature source tissues to sink tissue. In a plant, this may take the form of some organs storing nutrients in excess of current needs for

351 Evans, J.R. Santiago, L.S. 2014 PrometheusWiki gold leaf protocol: Gas exchange using LI-COR 6400 Funct. Plant Biol. 41 223 226 doi: 10.1071/FP10900 10.1071/FP10900 Fernandez, G. Pritts, M. 1994 Growth, carbon acquisition, and source–sink