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superoxide to produce hydrogen peroxide, reducing the risk of highly reactive hydroxyl radical formation from superoxide through the metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss-type reaction ( Smirnoff, 1993 ). SOD is categorized into three groups on the basis of the metal

apparatus, leading to degradation of chlorophyll ( Foyer et al., 1994 ; Smirnoff, 1993 ). Plants use ROS scavenging mechanisms to protect cells from oxidative injury, including the activation of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), which convert

for each treatment or as untreated controls at 0, 1, 2, and 3 DAT for estimation of H 2 O 2 and MDA concentrations as well as LOX, SOD, APOD, and GR activities. Sampling AZ tissue. The calyx AZ was collected from 40 fruits by using a 4-mm

as specific activities. Proteins were determined by the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Ten fruit were used for each replication. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assayed spectrophotometrically by determining the

-producing areas, irrigation management has not been as useful an approach as it has been in arid and semiarid regions because of natural rainfall ( Boland et al., 1994 ; Naor, 2006 ; Ran et al., 1992 ). Groundcover management and the establishment of sod and

damage ( Seifried et al., 2007 ). Such an accumulation of ROS in the cell can be counteracted by a system of low molecular mass nonenzymatic antioxidants as well as by certain enzymes, SOD, CAT, and PODs, which catalyze the destruction of ROS resulting in

of the transition zone. The species is commonly used in the sod industry for its superior shade tolerance and stoloniferous growth habit ( Busey, 2003 ). A lack of cold tolerance, however, restricts the widespread use of st. augustinegrass in the

antibodies was carried out by treating membranes with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (BCIP). Antiserum to Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD were purchased commercially (Stressgen Bioreagents, Victoria, BC, Canada), while antiserum to

acids, leading to cell death. Plants have evolved a complex antioxidant defense system (i.e., enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification systems) for protecting cells from ROS injury. SODs are metalloenzymes that convert O 2 –. to H 2 O 2 and are

conducted to evaluate the impact of seeding rate combinations of ‘Greenkeeper’ tall fescue and ‘Thermal Blue Blaze’ hybrid bluegrass on turf species dynamics, weed species encroachment, disease severity, and sod strength. Materials and Methods The