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were to confirm the ploidy level of the androgenic genotypes by flow cytometry; to confirm the zygosity state of the androgenic genotypes by SSR markers; to analyze S -alleles of the androgenic genotypes by the specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR

size estimation ( Leitch and Bennett, 2007 ); however, DAPI is acceptable for relative estimation and ploidy determination as used in the current study ( Parris et al., 2010 ). Chromosome counts are reported for six species ( Table 2 ; Fig. 1A

colchicine treatment. Chromosome counting. The ploidy level was determined by chromosome counting in metaphasic cells ( Rego et al., 2011 ). Chromosome detection was performed as described by Chen et al. (1979) . Two months after colchicine treatment, stem

followed by the processes of validation. Somatic hybrids have been identified first by the complementary and/or intermediate morphology of regenerants followed by confirmation of ploidy level, and finally molecular markers are used to confirm the presence

provided by tetraploid parents combines with a gamete containing one set of chromosomes provided by diploid pollen and forms a triploid zygote ( Acquaah, 2007 ). After identification of ploidy levels from induction treatments, diploid, triploid, and

) supplemented with gibberellic acid, which promotes shoot elongation. When shoots were ≈1 to 2 cm long, individual elongated shoots were moved to RMA rooting medium in Magenta boxes for further hardening and growth. Emergent shoots were analyzed for their ploidy

ploidy level of plants was detected using a flow cytometer (Partec, Münster, Germany). Young leaves of plants obtained from anther culture were put into petri dishes containing 400 µL extraction buffer (Partec 05–5002 CyStain ® ultraviolet Precise P

Chromosome doubling has been widely explored as a bridge to help gene introgression between different ploidy levels both between and within species for crop improvement ( Hayward et al., 1993 ; Meru, 2012 ; Wu et al., 2011 ). Both fruit and seed

features. Development of in vitro regeneration systems provides an ideal foundation for further improvements by ploidy manipulations, mutation treatments, and transgenic applications. Previous in vitro regeneration studies of Hypericum have focused on

-cedar ( Chiba, 1951 ) was used to select 237 seedlings for transplantation. After 1 month of growth [180 d after treatment (DAT)], the ploidy level of the seedlings was determined using flow cytometry. Identification of polyploidy. Flow cytometry, as