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-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu ultraviolet-2700; Japan) at wavelengths of 663, 654, and 470 nm. Leaf photosynthesis measurements. The net photosynthesis rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), and transpiration rate (T r

randomly selected in each treatment group, and the net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) values were read directly using the photosynthesis system. LC-MS analysis of

same position, using the average as the final result of each time measurement. The diurnal changes in P n , stomatal conductance ( g S ), intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ), transpiration rate ( T r ), photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD

intercellular ice forms ( Caffrey et al., 1988 ; Thebud and Santarius, 1982 ). Raffinose can prevent sucrose from crystallizing at extreme low temperatures ( Caffrey et al., 1988 ) and has been associated with winterhardiness, even at low concentrations

( Grattan and Grieve, 1999 ), reduces chlorophyll synthesis ( Lucini et al., 2015 ; Rouphael et al., 2017b ), and limits the photosynthetic CO 2 fixation ( Rouphael et al., 2017a ). Moreover, anatomical changes in vegetable leaves such as increase in

changes in endogenous ethylene concentration during fruit development and ripening; 2) to identify, monitor, and quantify the flavonoid and phenolic profile in the fruit skin, including flavanols, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, and

relatively inexpensive and naturally occurring compound that poses little or no hazard to human health when used at the very low concentrations required to kill fungal spores. For example, Sholberg and Gaunce (1995) showed that AA concentrations of 2 to 4

intercellular air volumes. Accordingly, for some regular cellular lattices, it was demonstrated that there is a simple mathematical relation between the flattening pressure and cell turgor ( Calbo and Nery, 2001 ). In these lattice models, the flattening

either ( A ) leaf photosynthesis; A vs. intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ) or ( B ) leaf g S vs. C i until the treatment with +11 °C (35 °C T ROOT ) above air temperature. Observations represent means ± standard error. Plant dry

, and finally the death of the plant ( Deltoro et al., 1998 ; Jaleel et al., 2008 ). After stomatal closure, there is a decrease in CO 2 intake and intercellular CO 2 partial pressure, thereby a reduction in CO 2 assimilation and net photosynthesis