Abstract
In the present work, a set of eight new hexa-nucleotide simple sequence repeats (SSRs) is reported in olive (Olea europaea L). These SSRs loci were generated on the basis of expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences in the frame of an olive genomic project. The markers showed a high level of polymorphism when tested on a set of cultivars used as genitors in the olive breeding program of Córdoba, Spain. The long-core repeat motif of these markers allows a wider separation among alleles, thus permitting an accurate genotyping. Besides, these markers showed comparable levels of polymorphism to di-nucleotide SSRs, the only ones so far reported in olive. Selected on the basis of their discrimination capacity, four of the eight SSRs were used to test their ability for paternity testing in a total of 81 seedlings coming from 12 crosses. The paternity testing showed that seven crosses matched the alleged paternity and the remaining five were products of illicit pollinations. These results exactly matched with previous paternity testing performed with di-nucleotide SSR markers. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the developed hexa-nucleotide repeated motifs for checking the paternity of breeding progenies and suggest their use on variability studies.
Compatibility among genitors has been reported to be one of the main factors for success of crosses in olive breeding programs (Díaz et al., 2007). Olive compatibility has been studied through different systems including fruit set in controlled pollinations and pollen tube germination (Bradley and Griggs, 1963; Breton and Bervillé, 2012). Current information indicates that the compatibility system in olive might be of the sporophytic type (Breton and Bervillé, 2012; Collani et al., 2012), although further investigations should be performed to identify the genetic variability associated with this trait.
Until now, di-nucleotide SSR markers have been the only tool successfully used in paternity testing in controlled olive breeding crosses (De la Rosa et al., 2004; Díaz et al., 2007). They have also been used in pollination studies, identifying cases of full self-incompatibility (Díaz et al., 2006a; Mookerjee et al., 2005) and cross-incompatibility (Díaz et al., 2007; Seifi et al., 2012). Additionally, SSRs have been used to demonstrate that well-known cultivars such as Picual and Arbequina are self-incompatible (Díaz et al., 2006b). As a consequence, paternity testing with SSRs is considered a very useful tool in olive breeding programs to demonstrate compatibility relationships.
Currently, only ≈100 SSR markers are available in olive, and all of them were obtained by sequencing enriched genomic libraries and are based on di-nucleotide repeats (Carriero et al., 2002; Cipriani et al., 2002; De la Rosa et al., 2002; Díaz et al., 2006a; Rallo et al., 2000; Sabino-Gil et al., 2006; Sefc et al., 2000). Doubts about the reproducibility of these types of markers among different laboratories as well as among experiments within the same laboratory have been reported as a result of the small bp differences among alleles (Baldoni et al., 2009; Faria et al., 2011; Vélez and Ibáñez, 2012). Additionally, they could be far from coding sequences (Poncet et al., 2006), which may limit their use in marker-assisted selection.
Expressed sequence tags have become a popular source for SSR markers in recent years (Kumpatla and Mukhopadhyay, 2005). EST-derived SSR markers have several advantages compared with SSR markers originated from genomic libraries, including simpler marker development and higher levels of transferability among species (Rahemi et al., 2012; Wöhrmann and Weising, 2011). Additionally, EST-SSRs are of particular interest for marker-assisted selection because they are located inside expressed genes (Cova et al., 2012). In general, they represent a source of variability complementary to genomic SSRs (Huang et al., 2011). In several tree species, EST sequences have been used to develop SSRs from di- to hexa-nucleotide repeats (Faria et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2011; Poncet et al., 2006). Long-core repeat SSRs have successfully been used in identification and paternity studies in tree species (Cipriani et al., 2008; Faria et al., 2011), because they display higher allelic separation than di-nucleotide SSRs and, therefore, more precise allele calling, although they have also been shown to be less polymorphic. Long-core SSRs could be of interest in olive genetics research as a result of the high heterozygosity of this crop (Baldoni and Belaj, 2009).
In a recent Olive Genomic Project in Spain (OLEAGEN), aimed at developing a genomic tool to assist olive breeding, EST sequences coming from different olive tissues have been identified using Sanger technology. The purpose of the present work is to develop EST-derived hexa-nucleotide SSR markers and to evaluate their polymorphism and use for paternity testing.
Materials and Methods
EST-SSR mining and primer design.
In the framework of the OLEAGEN project (Muñoz-Mérida et al., 2013), data from cDNA libraries sequenced using Sanger technology were obtained. The first library was generated from cultivar Lechín de Sevilla fruit mesocarp at three maturation stages (green with lignified endocarp, turning, and purple). The second came from buds from young and adult branches of 10 seedlings of the cross of cultivars Picual and Arbequina. The last was generated from young leaves and stems of ‘Lechín de Sevilla’ plus seeds from fruit at two different maturation stages (turning and purple) from a progeny of ‘Picual’ and ‘Arbequina’. A cleaning step was performed using Seqclean (2005–06; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA) to discard contaminant sequences from the vectors and primers used in generating the libraries before SSR search.
Identification of SSRs in the three libraries was carried out using MISA software [Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany (Thiel et al., 2003)] (Fig. 1). The output from MISA included the repeated motif, the representative read that contains the motif and both forward and reverse primers for sequence amplification. Sometimes, primers could not be provided by MISA as a result of the SSR being too close to the end of the read.
Workflow of the express sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (SSR) mining process on olive cDNA genomic libraries. Sequences containing SSR are identified using MISA software [Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany (Thiel et al., 2003)]. Polymorphism on the SSR sequences is detected using BLASTN [National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD (Altschul et al., 1990)].
Citation: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 138, 4; 10.21273/JASHS.138.4.290
To assess the level of polymorphism of the detected SSRs, primer sequences were used as queries against all reads available in the OLEAGEN project (Muñoz-Mérida et al., 2013), generated both by Sanger and 454 pyrosequencing technologies, using BLASTN [National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD (Altschul et al., 1990)]. These included nine libraries generated from ‘Picual’ fruit mesocarp, seeds, and buds; ‘Arbequina’ fruit mesocarp and buds; and roots from a mix of cultivars. Hits for each primer were compared and only those results for which a hit could be obtained for both primers were selected. For those SSRs for which MISA could not provide primers, the repeat motif was directly used as query to perform a BLASTN search against the entire sequence database. This process provided information about the number of motif repeats found in each library, thus providing useful information about their level of polymorphism within the studied olive cultivars. Among all the sequences containing hexa-nucleotide repeats, those showing polymorphism among the cultivars used for library construction (Tables 1 and 2) were selected for genotyping. As mentioned before, for some SSR loci, primer design could not be provided by MISA software. In those cases, the Primer3 program (Rozen and Skaletsky, 2000) was used to design amplification primers. To have at least one SSR per each repeated motif, OLEAGEN-H21 (Table 1) was also selected for primer design, although no polymorphism was initially detected.
Hexa-nucleotide simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci found in the olive express sequence tag mining.z
Variability parameters of the olive simple sequence repeat loci when tested in the set of 15 genitors of the olive breeding program of Córdoba, Spain.z
Plant material and DNA extraction.
Thirteen olive cultivars from the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Junta de Andalusia, Spain (Table 3), the new olive breeding cultivar Sikitita, also named as Chiquitita in the United States (Rallo et al., 2008), and one wild olive genotype (Belaj et al., 2010) were used to test the amplification quality and polymorphism of the eight primer pairs designed. These cultivars were used as genitors of 12 breeding progenies obtained in the olive breeding program of Córdoba, Spain (Table 4). The progenies were derived from controlled crosses following the routine protocol of the breeding program (De la Rosa et al., 2004); i.e., male pollen is applied to flowers of the female parent located in bag-covered branches. The mentioned progenies were included to test the ability of the new SSRs for paternity testing. Total DNA was extracted from fresh leaves following the protocol described by De la Rosa et al. (2002).
Allele pairs at the eight olive simple sequence repeat loci tested from the 15 genitors of the crosses considered in the paternity testing.
Ability the new hexa-nucleotide primers here reported for the detection of olive seedlings with wrong paternity in comparison with the di-nucleotide primers routinely used in the breeding program of Córdoba, Spain.z
SSR genotyping.
Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out in 12.5 μL volume containing 25 ng of DNA (extracted as described previously), 10 mm Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1.5 mm MgCl2, 50 mm KCl, 0.2 mm of each dNTP, 0.2 mm forward (fluorescent labeled with FAM or HEX), and reverse primer and 0.0252 units of Taq polymerase (Gibco-BRL; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). The PCR conditions comprised an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s, 55 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s plus a final extension at 72 °C for 6 min in a thermal cycler (PTC-200; MJ Research, St. Bruno, Quebec, Canada). Electrophoresis was performed in an automated sequencer (PerkinElmer Applied Biosystems 3100; Life Technologies). The analysis of the PCR products was carried out using Genescan 3.7 and Genotyper 3.7 software (Applied Biosystems; Life Technologies). However, the peaks were also checked visually to detect possible errors in the assignation of alleles.
For the eight microsatellite primer pairs giving reproducible and readable peaks, number of alleles, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (PIC), and discrimination power (Dj) were calculated (Tessier et al., 1999).
Four microsatellite loci were used for paternity testing of seedlings of the 12 breeding crosses. They were selected on the basis of their variability parameters and their polymorphism between the parents of the crosses tested. Paternity testing was performed as reported in previous works (De la Rosa et al., 2004); i.e., a seedling was considered to have a correct paternity if one maternal and one paternal allele were found for all the four loci considered. Results were compared with paternity testing of the same crosses with four di-nucleotide SSRs: DCA-9, DCA-16, DCA-18 (Sefc et al., 2000), and UDO-43 (Cipriani et al., 2002), performed as a routine in the olive breeding program (De la Rosa et al., 2004). Additionally, the different alleles of each hexa-nucleotide locus were sorted by their numbers of bps. The differences in bps among contiguous alleles have been recorded. The values obtained for the set of the four hexa-nucleotide SSRs were compared with the same measurements made for the four di-nucleotide SSRs used.
Results and Discussion
EST mining in three EST libraries resulted in a total of 52 hexa-nucleotide SSR loci showing 12 different repeat motifs (Table 1). The comparison of the sequences of these 52 loci with all reads available in the OLEAGEN project (Muñoz-Mérida et al., 2013) revealed that 15 were polymorphic. Primers could be developed, either by MISA or by Primer3, for nine of them. Primers were also designed for OLEAGEN-H21 (Table 1) to have at least one SSR per each repeated motif detected.
Reproducible and polymorphic amplification products were obtained from eight hexa-nucleotide SSR loci (including H21), displaying from two to seven different alleles per locus (Tables 2 and 3). The relatively low number of alleles and PIC values found could be because EST-SSRs may display less polymorphism than genomic-based SSRs (Nishio et al., 2011; Poncet et al., 2006; Rahemi et al., 2012). Our results are also in agreement with previous studies in other species (Cipriani et al., 2008; Durand et al., 2010; Faria et al., 2011) that reported lower levels of polymorphism and variability in long-core repeat SSRs in comparison with di-nucleotide repeats. However, heterozygosity (Ho = 0.38–1.00; He = 0.49–0.85) and Dj values obtained were almost comparable to previous reports on olive di-nucleotide SSRs (De la Rosa et al., 2002; Díaz et al., 2006a; Noormohammadi et al., 2007; Sabino-Gil et al., 2006; Sefc et al., 2000). Accordingly, in future studies with a higher number of cultivars and wild genotypes, more precise estimations of number of alleles and diversity parameters could be expected.
It is interesting to note that the SSR locus OLEAGEN-H21, found monomorphic in the BLASTN search, gave a high level of variability on the cultivars tested (Table 2). This indicates that the rest of the EST-SSR loci identified as monomorphic here (Table 1) could be polymorphic when evaluated in genomic DNA of a range of genotypes. Therefore, those loci could provide additional SSR markers that might be of interest for future identification, mapping, and variability studies.
Four SSR loci (OLEAGEN-H2, OLEAGEN-H3, OLEAGEN-H6.2, OLEAGEN-H20.1) were used for paternity testing of 12 crosses of the breeding program of Córdoba. They were selected on the basis of the variability parameters and the polymorphism among the respective parents. Two pairs of the four loci selected (OLEAGEN-H2 + OLEAGEN-H3 and OLEAGEN-H2 + OLEAGEN-H6.2) were sufficient to discriminate among all the 15 genotypes used as parents of the crosses (Table 3). The four SSR loci selected were sufficient to determine the paternity of the seedlings of the 12 crosses analyzed. The results of the paternity test with long-core repeat SSRs fully agree with previous determinations of the same crosses performed with di-nucleotide primers; i.e., seven crosses were considered true and in the remaining five, seedling were found to have the wrong paternity (Table 4). Only one seedling coming from ‘Picual’ × ‘Chalkidiki’, which was identified as contaminated using di-nucleotide SSRs, was not identified with the hexa-nucleotide SSRs. The higher polymorphism of the di-nucleotide primers is likely the cause for the higher frequency of alleles detecting wrong paternity (Table 4). In any case, as mentioned, using the hexa-nucleotide SSRs, the crosses analyzed can be categorized as successful or unsuccessful in the same way by both hexa-nucleotide and di-nucleotide loci. In previous reports, olive breeding crosses have been identified as successful or failed without intermediate categories (De la Rosa et al., 2004; Díaz et al., 2007). Therefore, the set of four hexa-nucleotide SSRs used seems to be adequate to control the success of olive breeding crosses as previously reported for long-core repeat EST-SSRs in Eucalyptus L’Hér. (Faria et al., 2011) and Vitis L. (Cipriani et al., 2008).
The main advantage of the hexa-nucleotide SSRs is that they showed a higher average distance among alleles (6.5 vs. 4.0 bp) than the di-nucleotide, the latter ones having 1 or 2 bp differences in 77% of the cases (Table 5). Therefore, the use of hexa-nucleotide SSRs would increase the precision in allele calling (Faria et al., 2011) because the minimum bp differences among alleles would increase reducing, thus the chance of genotype misscoring. It is also striking that few di-nucleotide SSR alleles showed 1-bp differences and some hexa-nucleotide alleles showed 3- to 5-bp differences. This could be caused by complex mutation patterns as reported for Coffea L. (Poncet et al., 2006) or to genotyping errors.
Comparison of the frequency of the occurrence of different distances (bps) among contiguous alleles in the hexa-nucleotide primers here reported versus di-nucleotide simple sequence repeat previously used.z
In conclusion, the new EST sequences developed for olive (Muñoz-Mérida et al., 2013) have allowed the identification of the first set of hexa-nucleotide microsatellites in this crop. EST-mining has been shown to be a convenient strategy to search for long-core repeat SSR markers as previously reported for other species (Kumpatla and Mukhopadhyay, 2005). The new markers developed have shown a high degree of polymorphism and usefulness in paternity testing. However, as a result of the conservative nature of EST-SSR, transferability to other species of Olea could be tested in future works, as reported for oak [Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (Durand et al., 2010)] and Prunus L. (Rahemi et al., 2012). Furthermore, because the reported SSRs have been localized in expressed regions, they could be included in future studies of mapping progenies to find quantitative trait loci, as reported for apple [Malus domestica L. (Cova et al., 2012)]. Finally, in addition to the hexa-nucleotide SSRs, the identification of many tri, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide SSRs is currently in progress in the OLEAGEN EST sequencing project, which could also be of great interest for future studies on identification, variability, and mapping.
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