Postharvest environment.

Unless otherwise indicated, Colombian-grown rose stems were harvested and received within 4 d, unpacked, sorted based on stem caliper, processed by recutting to 45 cm, removing the lower third of the foliage, and placed in vases (1-qt Mason jars; Ball, Muncie, IN) filled with 400 mL of the indicated solutions with three stems per vase. Additional solution was added as needed to maintain at least 100 mL. Treatments and vase life determinations were conducted at 20 ± 1 °C under 20 to 40 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ light for 12 h·d⁻¹ at 40% to 60% relative humidity (RH).

Design and data collection.

Unless indicated in the sections below, the experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications of three stems (subsamples) each per vase. Vase life was recorded for every experiment, with vase life termination determined by one or more of the following criteria: the presence of bent neck (Fig. 1A), wilted petals (Fig. 1B), or the occurrence of black tips (Fig. 1C) on at least three petals. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC), and means were separated using Tukey’s Studentized range test at P ≤ 0.05. Trend analysis was also conducted where appropriate.

Rose cut stem termination criteria included (A) bent neck exhibited on ‘Black Baccara’, (B) wilted petals exhibited on ‘Rouge Baiser’, or (C) black tips exhibited on ‘Charlotte’.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Rose cut stem termination criteria included (A) bent neck exhibited on ‘Black Baccara’, (B) wilted petals exhibited on ‘Rouge Baiser’, or (C) black tips exhibited on ‘Charlotte’.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Rose cut stem termination criteria included (A) bent neck exhibited on ‘Black Baccara’, (B) wilted petals exhibited on ‘Rouge Baiser’, or (C) black tips exhibited on ‘Charlotte’.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Expt. 1: Cultivars and vase solution evaluations.

Rose stems of the following nine cultivars were used: Black Baccara, Black Magic, Charlotte, Classy, First Red, Forever Young, Freedom, Queen 2000, and Rouge Baiser. Within 4 h of receipt, stems of each cultivar were sorted into five uniform groups, processed, and placed into the following solutions: 1) 0.1 g·L⁻¹ calcium hypochlorite and 0.74 g·L⁻¹ aluminum sulfate (Ca + Al) in tap water [pH 3.7, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.73 dS·m⁻¹]; 2) 10 g·L⁻¹ of a propriety mixture of sugar, acidifier, and a biocide [CHR (Chrysal Professional #3; Chrysal, Miami, FL)] in tap water (pH 2.8, EC 0.49 dS·m⁻¹); 3) 10 g·L⁻¹ a propriety mixture of sugar, acidifier and a biocide [FLO (Floralife^® Crystal Clear packets; Floralife, Walterboro, SC)] in tap water (pH 3.1, EC 0.50 dS·m⁻¹); 4) deionized water (pH 3.8, EC 0.00 dS·m⁻¹); or 5) tap water (pH 6.6, EC 0.25 dS·m⁻¹). Data collected included initial and termination fresh weight and water uptake measured at termination. Reasons for termination and stage of flower opening were also recorded. Stage of openness was recorded as 0 for tight (petals upright, some outer petals may be slightly reflexed); 1 for medium (all whorls beginning to reflex); 2 for open (outer whorls completely reflexed, all whorls reflexing to a high degree); and 3 for fully open (stamens visible).

Expt. 2: Antiethylene agent treatment in north carolina.

Stems of six rose cultivars (Charlotte, Classy, First Red, Forever Young, Freedom, and Rouge Baiser) were sorted upon receipt into nine uniform groups, processed, and placed into vases. The vases were placed in sealed metal barrels for 4 h containing 1) 0.74 μL·L⁻¹ 1-MCP (Ethylbloc^TM, Floralife); 2) 0.2 mm STS [1.0 mL·L⁻¹ AVB (Chrysal) in tap water]; or 3) ambient air. After this pretreatment, vases were resealed in barrels and exposed to 4.0, 0.4, or 0 μL·L⁻¹ ethylene for 24 h. Reasons for termination and stage of flower opening were also recorded, as described in the previous experiment.

Expt. 3: Antiethylene agent treatment in colombia.

Three 25-stem bunches of four rose cultivars (Anna, Charlotte, Freedom, and Konfetti) were pretreated on a Colombian farm with either STS or water for 4 h and then packed, stored, and shipped to Raleigh, NC. Bunches were received 9 d after pretreatment, at which point they were transferred to tap water and stems of each cultivar were sorted into four uniform groups, processed, and placed into the following solutions: 1) 10 g·L⁻¹ CHR in tap water (pH 2.8, EC 0.49 dS·m⁻¹); 2) 10 g·L⁻¹ FLO in tap water (pH 3.1, EC 0.50 dS·m⁻¹); or 3) deionized water (pH 3.8, EC 0.00 dS·m⁻¹). Half of the stems in deionized water were exposed to 1.0 μL·L⁻¹ ethylene in a sealed barrel for 24 h. Data collected included initial fresh weight and fresh weight and water uptake measured 4 d after placement of stems in vases.

Expt. 4: Stem number per vase.

Stems of three rose cultivars (Charlotte, Classy, and Freedom) were sorted upon receipt into four uniform groups and processed. Stems were placed in vases filled with 500 mL of tap water (pH 6.6, EC 0.25 dS·m⁻¹). Each vase contained 1, 3, 5, or 10 stems of the same cultivar, and each treatment included 10 replicate vases. Data collected included water uptake at termination.

Expt. 5: Postharvest dry handling and recutting.

Stems of three rose cultivars (Charlotte, Classy, and Freedom) were sorted upon receipt into eight uniform groups, recut to 48 cm (first cut), and placed in buckets at 20 °C containing 5 L of tap water to rehydrate overnight. Stems were then evaluated for drying time after recutting, before recutting, and recutting amount. To evaluate drying time after recutting, stems were recut to 45 cm (second cut) and placed dry at 20 ± 1 °C and 40% to 60% RH for 0, 10, 20, 60, or 120 min or 4, 24, or 48 h before being placed in vases filled with 500 mL of tap water. To evaluate drying time before recutting, stems were placed dry at 20 ± 1 °C and 40% to 60% RH for 0, 10, 20, 60, or 120 min or 4, 24, or 48 h before being recut (second cut with a removal of 2.5 cm off the stem base) and placed in vases filled with 500 mL of tap water. To evaluate recutting amount, stems were placed dry at 20 ± 1 °C and 40% to 60% RH for 24 h before being recut (second cut) with a removal of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or 15 cm off the stem base and then placed in vases filled with 500 mL of tap water.

Postharvest quality for cultivars and vase solutions.

In Expt. 1, the greatest vase life was observed in ‘Forever Young’ with the treatments of Ca + Al, the two commercial preservatives, and DI water (15.2–16.2 d), and the lowest vase life was in the DI and tap water treatments for ‘Queen 2000’ [7.2 d (Table 1)]. Stage of opening (on a 0–3 scale) was greatest in ‘Queen 2000’ for Ca + Al and the commercial preservatives (2.7–3.0), and lowest with ‘First Red’ in Ca + Al, DI water, and tap water (Table 1). In Expts. 2 and 3, vase life range was 3.3 d [6.2 d for ‘Rouge Baiser’ (data not presented) to 9.5 d for ‘Freedom’ (Table 2)] and 7.3 d (8.1 d for ‘Anna’ to 15.4 d for ‘Konfetti’ (Table 3)], respectively. For Expts. 1–3, these ranges were consistent with previous cultivar studies. Nell and Leonard (2004) studied 16 rose cultivars and reported up to a 10 d difference in vase life and a range of 1.3 to 3.9 (on a 1–4 scale) difference in flower opening, Macnish et al. (2010) evaluated 38 cultivars and reported up to a 14.3 d difference in vase life and a 3.2 (on a 1–5 scale) difference in flower opening, and Durkin and Kuc (1966) studied four cultivars and reported up to a 6 d difference in vase life. Similar to our results from Expt. 1, Macnish et al. (2010) determined that ‘Forever Young’ was one of the longest lasting cultivars, and ‘Black Magic’ one of the shortest lived cultivars, and Nell and Leonard (2004) found that ‘First Red’ had a longer vase life than ‘Black Magic’ (Table 1). It should be noted that the cut roses in these experiments were commercially produced and, consequently, a portion of the variation in vase life could have been due to differences in harvest time during the day, environmental conditions, and so forth (Fanourakis et al., 2013).

Table 1.

Effect of various vase solutions on vase life, stage of opening, water uptake, and change in fresh weight of nine rose cultivars. Solutions included calcium hypochlorite and aluminum sulfate (Ca + Al) in tap water; two propriety mixtures of sugar, acidifier and biocide (CHR and FLO) in tap water; deionized (DI) water; or tap water.

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Table 2.

Effect of stems treated in North Carolina with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), silver thiosulfate (STS), or air (control) on vase life of three rose cultivars.

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Table 3.

Vase life of stems of four rose cultivars that were pretreated with silver thiosulfate (STS) or water in Colombia before being shipped to North Carolina.

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Of the five vase solutions tested in Expt. 1, the commercial preservatives, CHR and FLO, produced a similar vase life for all nine cultivars tested and resulted in the longest vase life across all cultivars of 11.7 d and 12.4 d, respectively [Table 1 (averages not presented)]. These two preservatives contain carbohydrates, which have been reported to increase vase life (Marousky, 1969, 1971; Mor et al., 1989). The Ca + Al treatment produced a similar vase life (average of 11.2 d) to the commercial preservative treatments in a majority of the cultivars tested, which could be due to the antimicrobial properties attributed by Ca + Al (van Doorn et al., 1989).

Average water uptake was greatest in both DI water and tap water treatments across all cultivars in Expt. 1; average values were 8.7 and 7.9 mL/stem per day, respectively (Table 1). Though water uptake has been demonstrated to be positively correlated with vase life of croton [Codiaeum variegatum (Hettiarachchi and Balas, 2005)], uptake can be inhibited by the addition of sucrose to a vase solution (Marousky, 1971). This impediment in uptake is thought to be due to the high ψ_S of concentrated sucrose solutions and the ability of sucrose to induce closure of stomata (Marousky, 1969, 1971).

In the first experiment, average water uptake of cultivars across all solutions ranged from 8.5 mL/stem per day for Black Baccara to 5.7 mL/stem per day for Rouge Baiser [Table 1 (averages not shown)]. Variability among cultivars of water uptake may be due to differences in xylem anatomy, which has been reported to greatly influence hydraulic conductivity (Nijsse et al., 2001; Twumasi et al., 2005). van Doorn and Reid (1995) did not find significant differences in xylem anatomy among rose cultivars Frisco, Sonia, Madelon, and Cara Mia; however, Twumasi et al. (2005) found that water availability during preharvest environment can affect xylem vessel diameter. Since all cultivars were not produced in the same greenhouses, it is possible that some cultivars experienced more water stress than others during production, which might have affected the xylem properties within the stems and water uptake.

Treatments with commercial preservatives also inhibited fresh weight loss; averages for the two commercial preservatives, CHR and FLO, were −1.7 and −1.8 g, respectively (Table 1, averages not shown). Marousky (1969) found similar results with cut ‘Better Times’ roses and concluded that because floral preservatives helped maintain fresh weight while still causing less water uptake, measuring remaining solution in a vase to determine transpiration did not yield accurate results. In addition, Ichimura et al. (1999) and Marousky (1969, 1971) reported that sucrose maintains fresh weight due to its ability to increase carbohydrate levels in petals and induce stomatal closure. Average change in fresh weight was variable among cultivars, with treatments causing no significant differences in change in fresh weight in three of the nine cultivars tested.

Termination criteria for cultivar and vase solution.

Termination criteria proved to be cultivar dependent in Expt. 1. ‘Black Baccara’ and ‘Charlotte’ were more susceptible to postharvest problems than others; however, in general, cultivars were ended because the stems developed multiple problems during the vase life evaluation period. Physiological processes occurring in cut rose stems are complex and often interrelated such that determining the specific causes of termination symptoms is difficult (Zieslin, 1989).

A common cause of rose termination was bent neck. In Expt. 1, ‘Black Baccara’, ‘Charlotte’, and ‘Classy’ developed bent neck in 32.2%, 29.2%, and 26.7% of the cases, respectively, while bent neck occurred in ‘Black Magic’ and ‘First Red’ 1.1% and 2.2% of the time, respectively [P ≤ 0.0001 (data not presented)]. An interaction between cultivar and vase solution occurred for the presence of bent neck (P = 0.0025) where bent neck occurred most frequently in Ca + Al (20%) and DI water (47%) for ‘Freedom’ and most frequently in DI water (53%) and tap water (20%) for ‘Classy’ (data not presented). No differences in the occurrence of bent neck were seen among vase solutions in the other seven cultivars tested. ‘Classy’ and ‘Rouge Baiser’ had the highest rates of bent neck in Expt. 2 (Table 4). Bent neck has been attributed to the presence of embolisms in the stem that restrict water flow (Burdett, 1970). These embolisms are thought to be mostly bacterial in nature (Burdett, 1970; Reid et al., 1996) because the addition of compounds with bactericidal effects greatly limited the occurrence of bent neck (Ohkawa et al., 1999). However, water flow restriction has also been attributed to blockage caused by particulates such as proteins and gums that clog the xylem (Burdett, 1970; Reid et al., 1996). These physical blockages have been reported to occur about 10 cm above the level of the vase solution (Lineberger and Steponkus, 1976).

Table 4.

Effect of treatment with antiethylene agents after receipt in North Carolina on occurrence of termination criteria in six rose cultivars.

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Blackening of petal tips was another commonly observed problem in several cultivars. In Expt. 1, ‘Black Baccara’, ‘Charlotte’, and ‘Freedom’ developed black tips (57% to 71%) more often (P ≤ 0.0001) than the other cultivars (data not presented). ‘Freedom’ and ‘Charlotte’ also developed more black tips than the other cultivars in Expt. 2 (Table 4). Similar tip blackening has also been reported to appear in other red rose cultivars such as Mercedes and Jaguar, where black tip development was attributed to both an exposure to ultraviolet radiation and low temperatures during growth (Jaffrin, 2002; Mor and Zieslin, 1990; Raviv, 1988). Barendse (1981) also observed petal tip blackening in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) due to the use of a vase life preservative, which is consistent with the results of the current study where black tip was most prevalent in the commercial preservatives.

Stems were also ended due to wilted petals, which was the most common reason for termination in all cultivars. In Expt. 1, wilted petals occurred most frequently in Ca + Al, FLO, and DI water (73% to 93%) in ‘Forever Young’ and ranged from 27% in Ca + Al to 80% in FLO for ‘Charlotte’ (data not presented). No differences in the occurrence of wilted petals were seen among vase solutions in the other seven cultivars tested. ‘Charlotte’, ‘First Red’, and ‘Rouge Baisier’ had the highest rates of wilted petals in Expt. 2 (Table 4). In both experiments, wilted petals occurred in over 50% of stems in every cultivar across treatments. This petal wilting was most likely due to high transpiration losses that exceed water uptake at some point during vase life and trigger wilting when insufficient water is available to the petals (Carpenter and Rasmussen, 1973).

Antiethylene agents and ethylene.

STS significantly increased vase life in three of the six cultivars treated in North Carolina in Expt. 2. ‘First Red’ and ‘Freedom’ had at least a 2 d increase in vase life when treated with STS as compared with the air storage control (Table 2). ‘Classy’, ‘Forever Young’, and ‘Rouge Baiser’ were unaffected by pretreatment with either antiethylene agent (data not presented). Pretreating stems with STS in Colombia in Expt. 3 before storage and shipping significantly increased vase life by 1.2 d across all cultivars (Table 3). Similarly, Macnish et al. (2010) reported that STS prevented shortening of vase life from exposure to exogenous ethylene in all three cultivars studied, and Reid et al. (1989) reported that STS prevented the effects of exogenous ethylene in 22 of 27 cultivars. Singh et al. (2004) reported an increase in vase life due to STS in rose cultivars Grand Gala, Sangria, and Kiss but not in four other cultivars tested. When applied in Colombia (Expt. 3), STS did not affect water uptake or change in rose fresh weight (data not presented).

Chamani et al. (2005) found that ‘First Red’ vase life was extended with a 0.5 mm STS application but not 1-MCP treatment, which is consistent with the results for ‘First Red’ and the other five cultivars tested in this study where 1-MCP did not significantly improve vase life (Table 2). 1-MCP applied either as a fumigation or via sachets prevented a decrease in vase life from exogenous ethylene in one of three cultivars studied by Macnish et al. (2010). Xue et al. (2008) reported that 1-MCP did not prevent rose tissues from synthesizing endogenous ethylene, which may be why 1-MCP was ineffective in this study. In addition, Philosoph-Hadas et al. (2005) observed that 1-MCP was more effective in improving vase life when applied at low temperatures, which could be another explanation for the inability of the 1-MCP treatment to extend vase life in this study.

Treating the rose cultivars with exogenous ethylene did not affect vase life in any experiment (Table 5, some data not presented). Previous studies found that sensitivity to ethylene can vary with rose cultivars (Mor et al., 1989; RueySong et al., 2001), where some cultivars such as Cara Mia, Sonia, and Gold Rush did not exhibit as many deleterious effects from ethylene as other cultivars (Reid et al., 1989). Macnish et al. (2010) found that exposure of 38 cultivars to 1 μL·L⁻¹ ethylene decreased the vase life of 27 cultivars with a 2.5 and 2.8 d decrease in vase life of ‘Freedom’ and ‘Charlotte’, respectively. In our study, the vase lives of ethylene-treated ‘Freedom’ and ‘Charlotte’ flowers were also 1.2 and 1.3 d less than those not treated with ethylene, respectively; however, the difference was not significant at P ≤ 0.05. Lukaszewska et al. (1990) reported that a 7-d exposure to ethylene was needed for an increase in petal drop to be observed.

Table 5.

Vase life (cultivar P ≤ 0.0001, treatment P = 0.0793, cultivar × treatment P = 0.0045) or water uptake measured 4 d after placement in vase (cultivar P ≤ 0.0001, treatment P ≤ 0.0001, cultivar × treatment P = 0.0215) of stems of four rose cultivars pretreated with silver thiosulfate (STS) or water in Colombia before being shipped to North Carolina and then treated with one of two propriety mixtures of sugar, acidifier and a biocide (CHR and FLO) in tap water; deionized (DI) water, or 1.0 μL·L⁻¹ (ppm) ethylene plus DI water.

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For all cultivars, water uptake was the lowest for flowers treated with 1.0 μL·L⁻¹ ethylene but varied from a low of 15.3 mL/stem in ‘Konfetti’ to a high of 23.8 mL/stem in ‘Anna’ (Table 5). Mayak and Halevy (1972) found that applying ethylene to rose stems increased abscisic acid (ABA)-like production. In addition, Kumar et al. (2008) noted that water uptake decreased in cut roses as ABA and ethylene levels increased during senescence.

The increases in vase life due to STS revealed that STS may be playing another role in the stem other than acting solely as an antiethylene agent. For example, STS improved vase life regardless of exogenous ethylene application for cut ‘First Red’ and ‘Sonia’ roses (Chamani et al., 2005; Lukaszewska et al., 1990). Even though the primary use of STS is ethylene-action inhibition, STS has also been shown to exhibit antimicrobial characteristics (Al-Humaid, 2004), which could be why vase life was improved in stems treated with STS even when exogenous ethylene had no effect.

The question remains as to the benefit for commercial use of STS and 1-MCP. Macnish et al. (2010) and Reid et al. (1989) noted that 86% and 81% of cultivars tested were sensitive to exogenous ethylene, respectively, and Macnish et al. (2010) found that on average exogenous ethylene decreased vase life by an average of 2.2 d. In contrast, for species such as carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and delphinium (Delphinium ×cultorum) where antiethylene agents are commonly used, exogenous ethylene shortened vase life more dramatically; for example, 0.53 μL·L⁻¹ exogenous ethylene shortened carnation vase life from 16 to 3 d (Staby et al., 1993). In addition, while STS is generally effective at preventing damage from exogenous ethylene, especially when applied before shipping, 1-MCP is less effective than STS (Blankenship and Dole, 2003). Therefore, the potential vase life decrease from exogenous ethylene is probably not sufficient to warrant the standard treatment of STS or 1-MCP on all cultivars. However, the use of STS may be cost-effective in the case of high value cultivars that are sensitive to ethylene, premium grades where the treatment cost can be recovered, or when cut stems are stored or shipped for long durations.

It is worth noting vase solution (FLO, CHR, or DI) did not affect vase life in this experiment and only affected water uptake for ‘Freedom’ (Table 5). DI water resulted in lower water uptake than the preservative treatments in this case, which is inconsistent with the findings in Expt. 1 for the effects of preservative solutions on water uptake (Table 1). However, for experiment 3, uptake was recorded 4 d after the start of vase life instead of at termination, which could account for the difference observed. Since water uptake is highest immediately after harvest (Doi et al., 1999; Mayak et al., 1974) and at the commencement of rehydration, differences in water uptake among the treatments may have occurred later than 4 d after the start of vase life.

Stems per vase.

In Expt. 4, placing 10 stems in a vase resulted in the shortest vase life of 9.5 d across all cultivars, and placing one to five stems in a vase resulted in the longest vase life (Table 6). Water uptake across all cultivars was greatest with fewer stems placed in a vase, from 6.1 mL/stem per day with 10 stems per vase to 14.1 mL/stem per day with one stem per vase [Table 7 (averages not shown)]. The shortening of vase life and decrease in water uptake could be due to greater amounts of bacteria and cellular contents in the vase water from the increased number of stems per vase, which clog the stem xylem and increase water flow resistance (Burdett, 1970). In addition, the presence of multiple stems in a vase may have reduced air movement around the leaves in the middle of each bunch, decreasing transpiration and water uptake.

Table 6.

Effect of stem number per vase on vase life of rose.

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Table 7.

Effect of stem number per vase on water uptake of three rose cultivars (cultivar P = 0.0013, stems/vase P ≤ 0.0001, cultivar × stems/vase P = 0.0067).

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Drying time and recutting.

In Expt. 5, allowing cut rose stems to remain dry for any amount of time before placement in solution shortened vase life; however, the extent of that shortening was dependent on cultivar and when the stems were recut. The vase lives of ‘Charlotte’ and ‘Freedom’ both declined when stems were left to dry longer after being recut (Fig. 2), but vase life could be improved if the stems were recut after being left dry (Fig. 3). ‘Classy’ was more durable, maintaining an vase life of 5.6 d when left dry for up to 240 min after being recut. Recutting stems of ‘Classy’ and ‘Charlotte’ immediately before placement in vases did not significantly shorten vase life for up to 24 h (1440 min). ‘Charlotte’ did not rehydrate at all, and ‘Freedom’ and ‘Classy’ had vase lives of only 1.7 and 1.5 d, respectively, when allowed to dry for 24 h after being recut (data not presented). None of the three cultivars tested rehydrated when remaining dry for 48 h. Rose stems are regularly shipped and stored dry for 48 h or more; however, in those cases temperatures are typically lower than the 20 °C used in this study. Nell and Leonard (2005) found that storing roses at 10 °C shortened vase life by up to 8 d in 13 of the 14 cultivars tested. Recutting any amount off the stem significantly improved vase life (Fig. 4). Recutting 10 cm off the stems resulted in the maximum vase life of 8.4 d, and not recutting the stems resulted in the minimum vase life of 5.3 d.

Effect of drying time after recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of drying time after recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of drying time after recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of drying time before recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of drying time before recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of drying time before recutting on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of recutting amount on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems. Cultivar was not significant and no interactions (P = 0.05) between cultivar and recutting amount occurred; 1 cm = 0.3937 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of recutting amount on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems. Cultivar was not significant and no interactions (P = 0.05) between cultivar and recutting amount occurred; 1 cm = 0.3937 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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Effect of recutting amount on vase life of ‘Charlotte’, ‘Classy’, and ‘Freedom’ rose stems. Cultivar was not significant and no interactions (P = 0.05) between cultivar and recutting amount occurred; 1 cm = 0.3937 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 24, 6; 10.21273/HORTTECH.24.6.676

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