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Radiofrequency Identification Tagging in Ornamental Shrubs: An Application in Rose

Authors:
Andrea Luvisi1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Alessandra Panattoni1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Bandinelli2Associazione Toscana Costitutori Viticoli (TOS.CO.VIT.), Via Vecchia di Marina, 6, 56010 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy

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Enrico Rinaldelli3Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

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Mario Pagano3Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

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Barbara Gini4Vivai New Plants di Barbara Gini, Via Togliatti, 41, 56040 Cenaia, Pisa, Italy

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Giorgio Manzoni5Centro di TeleGeomatica, University of Trieste, P.le Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

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Enrico Triolo1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Article Category:
Research Article
Online Publication Date:
Dec 2010
Page(s):
1037–1042
Volume/Issue:
Volume 20: Issue 6
Copyright:
© 1999-2006 IPC Print Services 2010
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037
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Abstract

Plant tagging using radiofrequency identification (RFID) microchips is attractive for ornamental shrubs, such as rose (Rosa spp.), due to their high market value, wide distribution, health certification system, and numerous uses. Differently from other woody species for which methods of microchip implantation have been tested, rose tagging requires the possibility of insertion within canes of less than 10 mm diameter, such as those typically found in the rose nursery setting. Moreover, the possibility of tagging after grafting without changing common plant production procedures and aesthetic value are important considerations. Toward this aim, a new method of microchip insertion was developed. To test its effects on roses, two cultivars were subjected to a tagging procedure, and histological observations of tissues around the microchip and growth analysis of plant canes were performed. Microchip implantation did not cause xylem necrosis in 8- to 9-mm-diameter canes, but in lower diameter canes wilt of the lateral shoot and detriments in growth were observed compared with control plants. The tagged roses were tracked by a database developed for rose information, field log, and botanical sheet retrieval. Our findings suggest that rose plants can be safely tagged with a RFID microchip following suitable selection of cane calliper as early as the nursery phase without negative effects on plant appearance.

Keywords: RFID; traceability; pith

RFID technology has been introduced efficiently in animal identification systems (Artmann, 1999; Jansen and Eradus, 1999). RFID applications in the plant sector mainly involve food traceability, logistics, or harvest, with the microchip (TAG) externally attached to the plant or product (Ampatzidis et al., 2009; Jones et al., 2005; Purvis et al., 2006; Regattieri et al., 2007). However, in the last 5 years experimental trials focused on inserting TAGs within plants have been carried out on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) on Carrizo citrange rootstock [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (Bowman, 2005)], cypress [Cupressus sempervirens (Centro Nazionale per l'Informatica nella Pubblica Amministrazione, 2006)], plane tree [Platanus hybrid (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2008)], grapevine (Vitis vinifera) on rootstock 1103 Paulsen [Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris (Bandinelli et al., 2009; Triolo et al., 2007)], and other plants (Grieco et al., 2006). Keeping in mind plant histology and the dimension of organs, different techniques and TAG allocations have been proposed, and it seems that standardizing RFID tagging in plants is not possible.

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In addition to the plants cited above, RFID tagging could also have interesting applications in ornamental shrubs such as roses due to their high market value, wide distribution, and relative phytosanitarian certification (Krczal, 1998). Some potential applications of RFID techniques could include procedures for tourism applications in parks or botanical gardens, similar to the museum context (Ghiani et al., 2009; Hsi and Faith, 2005), to avoid theft of important plants (Associated Press, 2008) or the monitoring of plant health status (Kumagai and Miller, 2006). Some advantages connected with implementation of RFID traceability systems in ornamental shrubs could be suggested by digital urban garden management for plant monitoring (Luchi et al., 2008; Vai, 2005), rationalizing protection treatments, and sampling. Moreover, as reported for grapevine (Luvisi et al., 2010b), RFID codes can be used for creating databases for data storage and consultation and to generate a “virtual garden” in which treatments performed, production, monitoring programs, global positioning system coordinates and other data are archived, simplifying the updating of field activity logs. Similar approaches to the use of RFID were suggested as possible implementations of future farm information management systems developed in the European Union (Sørensen et al., 2010).

To test RFID tagging procedures in ornamental shrubs, the rose was chosen for the present work. The tagging procedure took into account 1) the possibility of insertion within small diameter canes (<10 mm), such as those typically found in a rose nursery setting; 2) the possibility of inserting TAG after grafting, without changing common plant production procedures and minimizing tagging costs due to losses; and 3) maintenance of aesthetic value.

Materials and methods

Plants and methods of microchip implantation.

‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose (‘Charlotte Armstrong’ × ‘Floradora’) and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose (‘Peace’ × ‘Independence’) were bud grafted in Nov. 2007 on multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) (Favilla Pietro Vivai, Capannori, Italy). Plants were potted in a steam-sterilized peat/perlite mix (Agraria di Vita, Pescia, Italy) in 11-L nursery container. Plants were maintained under greenhouse conditions to create a good-quality rose. Plants were watered as needed, alternating between water and water-soluble fertilizer mix applied at a rate of 20N–2.2P–8.3K (Cifo, Bologna, Italy) applied with a proportioned at a rate of 1500 mg·L−1 nitrogen. No supplemental light was supplied. Maximum photosynthetic photon flux in the greenhouse was 900 μmol·m−2·s−1. In Nov. 2009, within each cultivar, two groups of plants were formed, selecting a 1-year-old cane on each scion. These selected canes were different in diameter (6–7 or 8–9 mm), measured in correspondence to the second bud. Three types of treatments were tested: insertion procedure and TAG implantation (R1), insertion procedure without TAG implantation (R2), and no insertion procedure (control). Within each diameter group and treatment, 30 plants were established. The tagging procedure proposed by Bandinelli et al. (2009) was modified to consider rose anatomy, histology, and farming techniques. R1, R2, and control required the pruning of all canes of each cultivar, leaving two buds, just above the higher one (5 mm higher). Direct drilling of the pith with a 2.5-mm drill bit was then performed to a depth of 40 mm for R1 and R2 treatments, followed by microchip insertion in R1-treated plants (Fig. 1), locating the TAG below the higher bud. The cut was protected by rubber solution (Kollant Arbokol, Venice, Italy). In procedure intention, the lateral shoot developed from the bud located above the TAG [Fig. 1, (L)] must not be completely pruned in the following years of cultivation. To consider the tissue status around TAGs, the lateral shoot had to be evaluated to guarantee a long-lasting activity of TAGs. In fact, this lateral shoot was considered essential to prevent wilt or damage of R1-treated canes and subsequent loss of TAGs. The number of plants characterized by lateral shoot in wilted status out of the total plants expressed in percent was registered, excluding them from analysis.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Insertion procedure and microchip implantation (R1) in rose: (A) microchip (M) insertion after pruning and drilling of pith (P), (B) microchip positioning under higher bud (BD), (C) R1-treated cane and developed lateral shoot (L) and rubber solution layer (RL).

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

To estimate the maintenance of signal penetration through rose wood with selected hardware over the years, rose cuttings of 50 mm diameter were used. TAGs were inserted at a depth of 10 cm by pith drilling into 25-cm-long fresh cuttings of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose of selected diameter. A reading test was immediately performed.

Electronic material and software.

Transponder glass TAG RFIDs (2.1 mm diameter and 12 mm long) were used, working at a frequency of 125 kHz (InterMedia, Forlì, Italy). TAGs were electronically read by way of a 14-digit identification number using a flash card reader connected by Secure Digital (SD) slot to a palm-personal computer [palm-PC (Axim X51; Dell, Round Rock, TX)] able to identify the microchips from a distance of 10 cm. Data recovery was performed using a palm-PC containing a database specifically programmed using SprintDB Pro (KaioneSoft, Seoul, South Korea) for storing the data of each plant.

The RFID system was tested by evaluating TAG reliability, expressed in percent of reading failure, performing a microchip reading 90 d after insertion.

Database adaptation from Luvisi et al. (2010b) was developed to match TAGs with information datasheets that can be read and updated by users to manage the marked plants. The aim of the developed system was to permit access to datasheets by users involved in the flower production line—from flower grower to consumer—using the identification codes linked to TAGs. Datasheets and their access were designed considering privacy policies, with regard to each type of user. The online database was classified as a distributed rich Internet application system and was installed on a remote server, while flash technology was used for clients. The main software used was Java (Sun Microsystems, Santa Clara, CA) and Adobe Flex (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA).

Image analysis and histological observations.

Measurements of the vascular tissue area (VTA), by image analysis and histological observations, were taken on samples collected at flower bud swelling phase (Apr. 2010), considering five plants per each diameter group and treatment.

Image analysis was performed on fresh trunk sections of R1- and R2-treated canes collected in proximity of the microchip location, at about midlength of the microchip (height 0), 3 mm higher (height 3), and 3 mm lower (height −3). The functional VTA was calculated using software for image analysis (Cerri et al., 1993), measuring the total VTA and non-necrotic VTA, expressed in percent. The functional VTA was characterized by undamaged vessels and in which xylem rays were similar to control.

For histological observations, fresh longitudinal sections from R1- and R2-treated canes were made considering the whole length of microchip, and fresh transversal sections were made in correspondence to the bud positioned above the TAG (10 mm below distal cut). Sections were immediately observed under a light microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). In control, canes sections were taken at the same height of R1- and R2-treated canes.

Shoot assay.

The mean relative growth rate [MRGR (in milligrams per day)] of 15 shoots per each diameter group and treatment was calculated using the equation reported by Kolb and Steiner (1990). One sampling period of 90 d was calculated from when shoots started growing. The dry weight was attained by drying the shoots overnight in an oven set at 100 °C and cooling the shoots in a closed plastic bag.

Data analysis.

The effects of treatments (R1, R2, and control) and interactions with cane diameters (6–7 or 8–9 mm) were tested using SigmaPlot software (version 11; Systat Software, San Jose, CA). The software was used to perform two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a random design and pairwise multiple comparisons on significant effects and interactions using the Holm–Sidak method. Data expressed in percent were converted in arcsin values. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Results

Database and microchip test.

To access datasheets recorded in the palm-PC database, the TAG code of a marked plant is required. Codes can be read from a tagged plant or digitally entered into the search field of the database, and the datasheet is then shown (Fig. 2). The rose database was composed of four main folders (nursery, flower grower, rose cultivar, and rose rootstock) in which essential information was stored within specific fields. The creation of datasheets started with the selection of appropriate information from main folders, generating an electronic identity card (eID) for each plant. A counterpart database is available for web access with more in-depth data, especially with regard to botanical information. Four types of users were predicted (nurseryman, flower grower, agriculture agency, and tourist), and a privilege access system was developed to grant different uses. For example, a nurseryman can create an eID that refers to products, providing genetic and certification data; the flower farmer can edit specific fields relative to field logs; a tourist can access botanical data; agriculture agencies or researchers can view fields relative to monitoring, health status, and treatments.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

(A) Rose datasheet recorded in palm-personal computer database, (B) database schematization.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

Microchip insertion did not compromise TAG reliability with 0% of reading failures considering each cultivar. The signal penetration was confirmed up to 50 mm of cane diameter.

Image analysis and histological observations.

No plants characterized by lateral shoot in wilted status were reported in diameter 8–9 mm, while TAG insertion caused wilting in diameter 6–7 mm in ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose (28.9%) and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose (33.3%).

In non-wilted plants, analysis by two-way ANOVA (Table 1) revealed a nonsignificant effect of TAG insertion procedures and of cane diameters on functional VTA at height −3 in ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose. As calculated by pairwise multiple comparison analysis, significant effects were measured in diameter 6–7 mm at height 0 and 3 when R1 or R2 treatments were performed, causing a reduction of functional VTA as compared with control in both cultivars (Fig. 3). No significant effects were measured in diameter 8–9 mm.

Table 1.

Two-way factorial analysis of variance of functional vascular tissue area of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose, measured in treated canes (diameter 6–7 or 8–9 mm) at midlength of the microchip (height 0), 3 mm lower (height −3), and 3 mm higher (height 3) and pairwise multiple comparison analysis with Holm–Sidak test.

Table 1.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on functional vascular tissue area measured at midlength of the microchip (height 0) and 3 mm higher (height 3) in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

Because no difference in histological observations were noted between culture, the following figures referring ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose R1-treated canes (diameter 6–7 mm) showed damaged vessels 10 mm below the distal cut (Fig. 4B): xylem vessels were plugged, achieving complete occlusion of their lumen (browned wound parenchyma), and rays were fringed in proximity to pith, showing a different histological condition compared with control canes (Fig. 4A). In R1-treated canes (diameter 8–9 mm), vessels were undamaged 10 mm below the distal cut (Fig. 4D) and xylem rays were similar to control canes (Fig. 4C), without deformation even in proximity to the microchip.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Transversal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose, 10 mm below distal cut: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

Longitudinal sections of R1-treated canes of diameter 6–7 mm showed fringed and browned tissues in proximity to pith (Fig. 5B), compared with control canes (Fig. 5A). With regard to diameter 8–9 mm canes, vessels in R1-treated canes were undamaged along their length corresponding to microchip position (Fig. 5D) and xylem vessels were similar to control canes (Fig. 5C).

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Longitudinal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

No differences were observed between R1 and R2 treatments performed in canes of the same diameter.

Assay of shoots.

Analysis by two-way ANOVA (Table 2) revealed a significant effect of TAG insertion procedures and of cane diameters on MRGR in each cultivar. As calculated by pairwise multiple comparison analysis, significant effect were measured in diameter 6–7 mm when R1 or R2 treatments were performed, causing a reduction of MRGR as compared with control in ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose (Fig. 6). Otherwise, no significant effects were measured in diameter 8–9 mm.

Table 2.

Two-way factorial analysis of variance of shoot biomasses of treated canes (diameter 6–7 or 8–9 mm) of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose as mean relative growth rate (MRGR) with one sampling period of 90 d calculated from start of shoot growth and pairwise multiple comparison analysis with Holm–Sidak test.

Table 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on mean relative growth rate (MRGR), with one sampling period of 90 d calculated from start of shoot growth in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch; 1 mg = 3.5274 × 10−5 oz.

Citation: HortTechnology hortte 20, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.20.6.1037

Discussion

None of the RFID tagging methods in literature fit all the aims of the present work, and thus a new one had to be developed along with software for tracking plants. There were no differences between R1-treated and R2-treated plants suggesting that proximity or contact of the glass microchip capsule to xylem did not cause changes in plant tissue unlike effects observed in grapevine (Luvisi et al., 2010a).

The responses to treatments were analogous in both cultivars. Histological observations, corroborated by image analysis, revealed that, compared with the plants which did not undergo the insertion procedure, 6- to 7-mm-diameter plants in the other two treatments (R1 and R2) showed necrosis and occlusions on vascular tissue and wilted lateral shoots were recorded in more than 28% of treated canes with a significant decrease in MRGR in surviving shoots, compared with untreated plants. R1- or R2-treated canes in 8–9 mm diameter did not show reduction in functional VTA, wilt of lateral shoot, or detrimental growth compared with control canes. As reported for large diameter plants such as cypress (Battezzati et al., 2006), the insertion of tags after trunk drilling did not cause wood alterations.

Negative effects can be linked to irreversible damage of xylem directly caused by drilling. Wounding is known to result in occlusion of the xylem conduits (Chattaway, 1948; Davies et al., 1981; Zimmermann, 1983), and severe plugging of vessels can lead to rose collapse (De Stigter and Broekhuysen, 1986). Thus, the selection of suitable cane diameter was essential to obtain no effects in tagged rose, reducing the diameter limit for rose to 8–9 mm compared with 10 mm for sweet orange (Bowman, 2005) and 15 mm for grapevine (Luvisi et al., 2010a).

Microchip insertion did not compromise the reliability of TAGs, and signal penetration through rose wood was confirmed in cane of up to 50 mm diameter. As reported by Bowman (2005), the distance for reading microchips can be increased using more powerful scanners, permitting TAG reading for 10 years or more in most of woody plant species.

In conclusion, RFID TAGs can be safely inserted in rose canes of a certain size (8–9 mm) without necessitating a change in plant production procedures or their appearance. The proposed database can trace TAGs and the associated plants during each phase of their life, from nursery to educational or touristic uses.

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Published-print:
01 Dec 2010
Published-print:
01 Dec 2010
  • View in gallery

    Insertion procedure and microchip implantation (R1) in rose: (A) microchip (M) insertion after pruning and drilling of pith (P), (B) microchip positioning under higher bud (BD), (C) R1-treated cane and developed lateral shoot (L) and rubber solution layer (RL).

  • View in gallery

    (A) Rose datasheet recorded in palm-personal computer database, (B) database schematization.

  • View in gallery

    Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on functional vascular tissue area measured at midlength of the microchip (height 0) and 3 mm higher (height 3) in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

  • View in gallery

    Transversal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose, 10 mm below distal cut: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

  • View in gallery

    Longitudinal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

  • View in gallery

    Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on mean relative growth rate (MRGR), with one sampling period of 90 d calculated from start of shoot growth in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch; 1 mg = 3.5274 × 10−5 oz.

Insertion procedure and microchip implantation (R1) in rose: (A) microchip (M) insertion after pruning and drilling of pith (P), (B) microchip positioning under higher bud (BD), (C) R1-treated cane and developed lateral shoot (L) and rubber solution layer (RL).

(A) Rose datasheet recorded in palm-personal computer database, (B) database schematization.

Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on functional vascular tissue area measured at midlength of the microchip (height 0) and 3 mm higher (height 3) in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Transversal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose, 10 mm below distal cut: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Longitudinal sections of canes of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose: (A) no insertion procedure in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (B) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 6- to 7-mm-diameter cane, (C) no insertion procedure in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane, and (D) insertion procedure and microchip implantation in 8- to 9-mm-diameter cane; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch.

Effects of implant procedure on ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Dame de Coeur’ rose on mean relative growth rate (MRGR), with one sampling period of 90 d calculated from start of shoot growth in 6- to 7-mm-diameter canes. R1 = insertion procedure and microchip implantation, R2 = insertion procedure without microchip implantation, control = no insertion procedure. Error bars represent ± SD; 1 mm = 0.0394 inch; 1 mg = 3.5274 × 10−5 oz.

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Andrea Luvisi1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Alessandra Panattoni1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Bandinelli2Associazione Toscana Costitutori Viticoli (TOS.CO.VIT.), Via Vecchia di Marina, 6, 56010 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy

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Enrico Rinaldelli3Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

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Mario Pagano3Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

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Barbara Gini4Vivai New Plants di Barbara Gini, Via Togliatti, 41, 56040 Cenaia, Pisa, Italy

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Giorgio Manzoni5Centro di TeleGeomatica, University of Trieste, P.le Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

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Enrico Triolo1Department of Tree Science, Entomology, and Plant Pathology “G. Scaramuzzi,” University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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Contributor Notes

The authors acknowledge support received from the nursery “Favilla Pietro Vivai” (Capannori, Italy) and from Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca (Lucca, Italy).

Corresponding author. E-mail: aluvisi@agr.unipi.it.

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01 Dec 2010
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