Freeze Response of Citrus and Citrus-related Genotypes in a Florida Field Planting

Authors:
Sharon Inch U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Sharon Inch in
This Site
Google Scholar
Close
,
Ed Stover U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Ed Stover in
This Site
Google Scholar
Close
,
Randall Driggers U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Randall Driggers in
This Site
Google Scholar
Close
, and
Richard F. Lee National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1060 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Riverside, CA 92521

Search for other papers by Richard F. Lee in
This Site
Google Scholar
Close

Click on author name to view affiliation information

Abstract

A test population consisting of progenies of 92 seed-source genotypes (hereafter called “parent genotypes”) of Citrus and Citrus relatives in the field in east–central Florida was assessed after natural freeze events in the winters of 2010 and 2011. Eight seedlings per parent genotype were planted in a randomized complete block design; however, as a result of mortality, the number of plants assessed in some genotype groups was reduced at some or all sampling dates. The citrus diseases huanglongbing and citrus canker were endemic in the planting and may have influenced tree response to cold temperatures. Unusually low temperatures (near –4 °C each winter) for east–central Florida were experienced during the trial period. Defoliation and dieback were significantly greater in the winter of 2011 than in the winter of 2010. The winter in 2011 was preceded by a period of extraordinarily low temperatures in mid-December with no period of cool temperatures to allow trees to acclimate. In 2010 the average defoliation was 53% ± 28% and less than 13% of the trees exhibited any noticeable dieback, whereas in 2011, the average defoliation and dieback were 93% ± 17% and 51% ± 35%, respectively. Within the genus Citrus, several progenies were identified that had 16% to 24% dieback in 2011 and these were from parent genotypes C. reticulata (CRC 2590) (23%), C. sinensis (CRC 3858) (24%), C. maxima (CRC 3945) (16%), C. hassaku (CRC 3907 and 3942) (16% and 17%), C. aurantium (CRC 628 and 2717) (18% and 7%), C. taiwanica (CRC 2588) (21%), and C. neo-aurantium (C. obovoidea + C. unshiu graft chimera) (CRC 3816) (23%). Within other genera in the Aurantiodeae, Poncirus trifoliata (CRCs 301, 3957, 3549, and 4007), Severinia buxifolia (CRC 1497), Bergera koenigii (CRC 3165), and Glycosmis pentaphylla (CRC 3285) had the least amount of dieback, all at less than 23%. The two species within the Toddalioideae subfamily of the Rutaceae (Casimiroa edulis and Zanthoxylum ailanthoides) had among the least amount of dieback (1% and 8%, respectively). When considered by groups, the Citrons and Australian natives had the greatest amount of dieback in 2011, 68% and 65%, respectively. The trifoliates (Poncirus and hybrids) had the least dieback, ranging from 4% to 40%. The information from this study may be useful in germplasm enhancement and Citrus breeding targeting greater cold tolerance.

Citrus is the most economically important fruit tree crop in Florida with an estimated economic value of $1.35 billion annually (National Agricultural Statistics Services, 2012). Low temperatures are among the greatest risk factors for U.S. citrus production. Most commercial citrus cultivars are cold-sensitive (Soost and Roose, 1996) and damage will often result when exposed to temperatures below –2.2 °C (Yelenosky, 1985). In the 1980s there were multiple severe freeze events in Florida (1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1989) that resulted in crop and yield losses in excess of $1 billion U.S. (Tignor et al., 1998). After these extreme freezes, citrus production shifted to the warmer southern parts of the state (Miller, 1991; Yelenosky, 1996). Citrus growers take preventative measures to minimize crop losses from freezes such as use of trunk wraps and water applied through elevated microsprinklers (Bourgeois et al., 1990; Davies et al., 1984; Jackson et al., 1983). However, the effectiveness of these techniques is dependent on wind conditions, types of freezes (advective vs. radiation), water availability, and tree and grove size (Bourgeois et al., 1990; Ebel et al., 2005). Protection using microsprinklers is compromised by high wind speeds (Nisbitt et al., 2000). Developing more cold-tolerant citrus varieties through breeding and selection has long been considered the most effective long-term solution (Grosser et al., 2000; Yelenosky, 1985).

Citrus and Citrus relatives are members of the family Rutaceae. The subtribe Citrinae is composed of Citrus (mandarins, oranges, pummelos, grapefruits, papedas, limes, lemons, citrons, and sour oranges); Poncirus (deciduous trifoliate oranges); Fortunella (kumquats); Microcitrus and Eremocitrus (both Australian natives); and Clymenia (Penjor et al., 2013). There is considerable morphological and ecological variation within this group. With Citrus, cold-hardiness ranges from cold-tolerant to cold-sensitive (Soost and Roose, 1996). Poncirus and Fortunella are considered the most cold-tolerant genera that are cross-compatible with Citrus. Poncirus trifoliata reportedly can withstand temperatures as low as –30 °C with proper acclimation (Lang et al., 2005) and is used as a cold-tolerant rootstock for some commercial citrus production (Ebel et al., 2008; Tignor et al., 1998). The most cold-tolerant commercial Citrus variety is considered C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin), whereas C. aurantifolia Swing. (Mexican Lime), C. limon L. Burm. f. (Lemon), and C. medica L. (Citron) are considered the most susceptible to freeze damage (Davies and Albrigo, 1994; Grosser et al., 1998).

A period of acclimation is important for inducing cold tolerance in Citrus. Cold tolerance in many plant species is not constitutively expressed; it is induced in response to reduction in daylength and the exposure to non-freezing chilling temperatures. Periods of warm weather before a freeze event will make citrus plants less cold-acclimated and thus more susceptible to the freezing conditions (Davies and Albrigo, 1994). Gene expression differences during acclimation have been associated with freeze tolerance in Citrus (He et al., 2012; Lang et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005). Genes for cold tolerance have been identified in P. trifoliata, C. grandis (= C. maxima), C. paradisi, C. sinensis, and C. jambhiri (Champ et al., 2007; He et al., 2012; Long et al., 2012; Sahin-Çevik and Moore, 2006; Webber et al., 2003). Use of cold-tolerant rootstocks such as Poncirus can increase the expression of cold tolerance associated genes in cold-tolerant scions (Ebel et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2011; Yelenosky and Vu; 1992).

Non-cultivated Citrus and Citrus relatives have economically important traits that could be extremely valuable in the development of new cultivars (Grosser and Gmitter, 1990). Breeding within the Citrus genepool is complicated by many factors including prolonged juvenility, self- and cross-incompatibility, polyembryony (apomixis), heterozygosity, and inbreeding depression (Grosser and Gmitter, 1990; Soost and Cameron, 1975; Soost and Roose, 1996). However, genetic transformation techniques such as protoplast transformation (Fleming et al., 2000; Grosser and Gmitter, 1990), particle bombardment (Yao et al., 1996), and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Luth and Moore, 1999; Moore et al., 1992) may be used to develop genotypes with cold resistance genes from distant relatives but with desired fruit quality.

The objective of this study was to survey genotypes within the Rutaceae for freeze damage as an indication of cold tolerance. Seedlings from 92 highly diverse seed-source genotypes were exposed to natural freeze events in east–central Florida. Defoliation and dieback were assessed in the winters of 2010 and 2011.

Materials and Methods

Seeds from Citrus and Citrus hybrids were obtained from the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates (NCGRCD) at the University of California at Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA (<http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu>). This collection contains over 1100 accessions, each one identified by a unique Citrus Research Center (CRC) number. The names and species designations reported here are those used by the NCGRCD at the time of publication. In this study, seeds from 124 accessions were initially acquired representing ≈85% of the genetic diversity within the UCR collection (Barkley, 2003). The phylogenetic relationships of the parent genotypes used are described in Barkley (2003) and Bayer et al. (2009). Seeds of Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl. and Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr (subfamily Aurantioideae), and Casimiroa edulis (Llave et Lex, subfamily Toddalioideae) were obtained from the Fruit and Spice Park (Miami/Dade County, FL). Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (L.) (subfamily Toddalioideae) was obtained from the University of Georgia. Within the Rutaceae, nucellar embryony varies greatly (Frost and Soost, 1968); therefore, the progeny included in this study were either genetically identical to the maternal parent or half-sib hybrids with a known seed parent and an undetermined pollen parent.

Under greenhouse conditions at the USDA-ARS U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory in Fort Pierce, FL, seeds of 92 of the 124 seed-source accessions were successfully propagated in individual plastic cells (3.8 × 21 cm) (SC-10 super cell Cone-tainers; Stuewe and Sons, Corvallis, OR) containing sterile potting mix. After 4 to 7 months, the seedlings were transferred to 3.7-L containers, which were watered daily and fertilized on a weekly basis. The maximum and minimum diurnal temperatures of the greenhouse were 35 and 23 °C in the summer and 32 and 20 °C in the winter. In June and July 2009, the 6- to 9-month-old seedlings were planted 0.6 m apart in three rows (3.5 m apart) at the USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL, farm. The planting was established as a randomized complete block design.

Two weeks after freeze events in Jan. 2010, the percentage defoliation (1% to 100%) was visually estimated on each tree and presence or absence of dieback (0 or 1) was recorded. In 2011, plants were rated for percentage defoliation (1% to 100%) in February. Percentage of canopy dieback (1% to 100%) was visually estimated on each plant in May. Weather data for 2010 and 2011 were collected using the Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) for the Ft. Pierce site, which was 3.2 km from the test plot. A weather station on the farm site indicated temperatures within 0.5 °C of the FAWN data on each freeze night. Microsprinklers were run during the freeze events but were at ground level as used for standard irrigation.

Statistical analyses were performed with JMP® Version 11 (SAS Institute Inc., 2013). The data were not normally distributed and did not meet the assumptions for analysis of variance. Therefore, nonparametric statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Means were calculated for defoliation and dieback for seedlings of each of the parent genotypes and of each of the genotypic groups. Genotypic groups were assigned based on pedigree of 50% or more of a non-Citrus genus or distant Citrus relative, and within Citrus only by a pedigree of 60% or more of the indicated species group. Designation of pummelo/mandarin hybrid was chosen for parent genotypes, which were predominately comprised of equal portions of C. maxima (pummelo) and C. reticulata (mandarin), except that sour oranges (generally 50% pummelo and 50% mandarin) were maintained as a group based on their distinct phenotype. Differences in percentage defoliation and dieback within years were compared using the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test (rank sums) and χ2 test. Spearman correlations were calculated to determine if defoliation and dieback were correlated within individual trees in each of the years.

Results

Winter of 2010.

In the winter of 2010, freezing temperatures were recorded between 5 and 12 Jan. with the lowest temperature of –4 °C on 7 Jan. (Fig. 1A). After these freeze events, average defoliation was 53% ± 28% and ranged from 14% to 100% (n = 522 plants). P. trifoliata and its hybrids were recorded as having the greatest amount of defoliation (83%), but P. trifoliata is fully deciduous and its hybrids are partially deciduous in most winters. All other parent genotypes/groups assessed in this study are fully non-deciduous (evergreen). Even with the P. trifoliata and its hybrids removed, there were significant differences in defoliation among parent genotypes (χ2 = 298, df = 69, P < 0.0001). As a group, the Citrons had the lowest average level of defoliation (18%) (Fig. 2A). Within Citrus, C. medica (CRCs 3546 and 661) had the lowest defoliation at 14%. Seven other Citrus genotypes had less than 35% defoliation and included C. reticulata (CRC 3260), C. medica (CRC 3523), C. excelsa (CRC 2317), C. macrophylla (CRC 3842), C. limonia (CRC 712), C. volkameriana × C. limonia (CRC 3050), and ×Citrofortunella (CRC 3172) (Table 1). Among the genera in the Aurantiodeaea that are not cross-compatible with Citrus (hereinafter named the “other Aurantiodeae” group), Murraya paniculata (CRC 1637) had the lowest amount of defoliation, 18% (Table 1). Other genera of relatives with less than 35% defoliation included Microcitrus australis (CRC 3673), Microcitrus hybrid (M. australis × M. australasica) (CRC 1485), Hesperethusa crenulata (CRC 2879), Murraya paniculata (CRC 3171), and Glycosmis pentaphylla (CRC 3285). Aeglopsis chevalier (CRC 2878) had the greatest amount of defoliation, 100% (Table 1). In 2010, dieback was also different among parent genotypes (χ2 = 96, df = 91, P = 0.014). Less than 13% of the total plants exhibit signs of dieback (based on present or absent). The Australian natives had the greatest amount of dieback; 21% of the plants in this group showed some dieback (Fig. 2A). All of the plants in 2010 recovered (data not shown).

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Day length (hh:mm) and minimum and maximum temperatures (°C) for Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 (1 Nov. 2009 to 30 Jan. 2010) and (B) Winter 2011 (1 Nov. 2010 to 30 Jan. 2011).

Citation: HortScience horts 49, 8; 10.21273/HORTSCI.49.8.1010

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Average defoliation (%) and dieback (%) of citrus taxonomic groups for progenies of 94 Citrus and Citrus relative seed source genotypes exposed to freezing temperatures in the field in Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 and (B) Winter 2011. Means within years were compared using the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric means separation test.

Citation: HortScience horts 49, 8; 10.21273/HORTSCI.49.8.1010

Table 1.

Average defoliation (%) and dieback (%) of progenies of 92 Citrus and Citrus relative seed source genotypes exposed to freezing temperatures in the field in Fort Pierce, FL, in the winter of 2010 (1 Nov. 2009 to 30 Jan. 2010) and the Winter 2011 (1 Nov. 2010 to 30 Jan. 2011).z

Table 1.

Winter of 2011.

Preceding the winter of 2011, on 8 Dec. 2010, the temperature rapidly dropped to –2.5 °C followed by two more freeze events below –2.5 °C on 14 and 28 Dec. with the lowest temperature recorded at –3.7 °C (Fig. 1B). Average defoliation was significantly higher in 2011 than in 2010 and ranged from 100% to 7% with an average of 93% ± 17% (n = 719). There were significant differences among progenies of parent genotypes in defoliation (χ2 = 374, df = 91, P < 0.0001) and dieback (χ2 = 383, df = 91, P < 0.0001). Analyzed as groups, the “true” citrus had the greatest amount of defoliation, ranging from 95% to 98%. The “other Aurantiodeae” showed the least amount of defoliation at 80% (Fig. 2B), but this was largely the result of the low defoliation in Severinia with seedlings of accessions Severinia buxifolia (CRC 1497) showing significantly less defoliation (7%) than all others in the trial. The other Citrus-related genera (including the other Aurantiodeae, Toddalioideae, and Australian natives) with less than 80% defoliation included Microcitrus australis (CRC 8673), Murraya paniculata (CRCs1637 and 3171), Glycosmis pentaphylla (3285), and Casimiroa edulis (Table 1). In these groups, progeny of the Microcitrus hybrids CRCs 1485 and 1466 had the least amount of defoliation, 76% and 78%, respectively (Table 1).

There was much greater dieback in 2011 than in 2010. In 2011, average dieback was 49% and ranged from 99% to 1% (Table 1). Casimiroa edulis and Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, within the Toddalioideae subfamily, had very low amounts of dieback at 1% and 7%. Within the Aurantiodeae, Poncirus trifoliata and hybrids were lowest ranging from 4% to 40% dieback. Within the groups of the genus Citrus, several parent genotypes had less than 25% dieback and included C. reticulata (CRC 2590), C. sinensis (CRC 3858), C. maxima (CRC 3945), C. hassaku (CRC 3907 and 3942), C. aurantium (CRC 628 and 2717), C. taiwanica (CRC 2588), and C. neo-aurantium (CRC 3816). Within the “other Aurantiodeae” group, Severinia buxifolia (CRC 1497), Bergera koenigii (CRC 3165), and Glycosmis pentaphylla (CRC 3285) had less than 25% dieback (Table 1). Analyzed as groups, the Citrons and Australian natives had the greatest amount of dieback, 68% and 66%, respectively. Pummelo/mandarin hybrids, trifoliates, and Toddalioideae had the least amount of dieback, 16%, 13%, and 4%, respectively (Fig. 2B). Defoliation and dieback within individual trees were positively correlated in the winter of 2011 (Spearman’s ρ = 0.4591, P < 0.0001). Mortality resulting from freeze events in 2011 resulted in loss of 8.1% of the trees.

Discussion

In this study, defoliation and dieback were used to determine the response to cold temperatures in Citrus and Citrus relatives when exposed to natural freeze events in Florida. However, one of the problems with using defoliation as a measure of cold tolerance is that some of the varieties/species used in this study, including Poncirus trifoliata and associated hybrids, are deciduous or semideciduous. Also, it can be a healthy citrus response to drop leaves when exposed to freezing temperatures that damage leaves but not stems, and failure to drop leaves after such conditions reflects more serious damage (Ketchie, 1969). Stem damage is generally a better measure of cold tolerance (Cooper et al., 1955; Ketchie, 1969). Stems tend to be the more cold-tolerant than leaves or fruit (Hendershott, 1962). A measure of electrolyte leakage is considered the best measure (Yelenosky, 1975). However, this method is not feasible in large-scale field trials.

In the Florida citrus community, there is a widely accepted view that “no two freezes are ever the same.” Tree responses are affected by differences in factors such as acclimation conditions (Yelenosky and Vu, 1992), rate of temperature change before and after the hard freeze, wind conditions, and time of occurrence within the seasonal span of tree quiescence. Damage in commercial Florida citrus trees is typically expected after 4 or more hours below –2.2 °C (Yelenosky, 1996). It is noteworthy that citrus in California is much more regularly exposed to freezing temperatures than citrus in Florida, and usually there is little tree damage, likely as a result of sustained cool temperatures in the fall and winter that maintain tree quiescence. The Lindsay, CA, weather station (typical of Central Valley, CA, citrus production) indicates 13 of 16 years and 309 total days with sub-freezing temperatures in 1998–2013 (UC IPM Online, 2014), and in the same period, there were 9 of 16 years and 96 d with temperatures below the –2.2 °C Florida citrus damage threshold. In the Lindsay, CA, 1998–2013 weather data set, the December median low is 1.7 °C and average low is 1.8 °C; January median low is 2.8 °C and average low is 2.5 °C (Table 2).

Table 2.

Freezing temperature-related data for 1998–2013 for the location of this study in Ft. Pierce, FL, and a typical California citrus area in Lindsay, CA.

Table 2.

In contrast, for the Ft. Pierce, FL, 1998–2013 FAWN weather data set, the December median low is 13.5 °C and average low is 12.5 °C; January median low is 10.7 °C and average low is 10.0 °C. In Fort Pierce data for this 16-year period, freezing temperatures have been recorded in seven of the 16 winters, for a total of 35 d. Temperatures below the –2.2 °C thresholds have been observed in only three of 16 winters, and two coincided with the years of this study, in Jan. 2010 and Dec. 2010 (Table 2). The 2010 freeze events were the only December freezes recorded at the Fort Pierce FAWN station in 16 years of operation. The low temperature averaged 8.5 °C for the week before the first freeze and averaged 16.4 °C for the last week of November, making it highly likely that the freeze events occurred before the plants were acclimated. This might have contributed to the marked defoliation and dieback in 2011. The age and size of trees will affect the degree to which the plants are acclimated, and younger trees are generally less cold-tolerant than older trees (Yelenosky, 1996). The seedlings in this study were only 1 to 2 years old when exposed to natural freeze events. Therefore, they were likely more susceptible to cold damage than they would have been if they were more mature at the times of exposure.

As temperatures approach a critical threshold, even slight differences in temperature may have a large effect on resulting tree damage. Therefore, effects such as trapping of warmer air within the canopy, differences in stem diameter that affect temperature change, and microclimate differences may influence damage. These differences likely contributed to the variability leading to modest statistical mean separation within this experiment so that approximately half of the parental genotypes were not statistically different (α = 0.05) from the one with lowest dieback and approximately half were not statistically different from the one with highest dieback.

There have been a number of studies on cold-hardiness of citrus. Although there were some notable differences, in many cases, their reports were consistent with our observations. Trifoliates are generally reported to be the most cold-tolerant followed by kumquats and Satsuma mandarins. Sour oranges, tangerines, tangelos, sweet oranges, and grapefruit are generally intermediate in cold-hardiness. Lemons, limes, and citrons are generally the least cold-tolerant (Rieger et al., 2003). In our study, P. trifoliata and its hybrids were some of the most cold-tolerant seed parents as assessed by dieback in 2011. By all measures in this study, within the Citrus gene pool, the kumquat group was always in the least cold-damaged statistical grouping. Within the groups of genus Citrus, the pummelo/mandarin hybrids and sour oranges (which are also pummelo/mandarin hybrids) were in the statistical group with the least dieback. Contrary to the low cold tolerance typically reported, the citron group in 2010 had the least amount of defoliation; however, in 2011, the citrons had the greatest amount of dieback and defoliation. The freeze events in 2010 were less severe than in 2011, which may account for the differences in the response to cold temperatures.

One of the limitations of broad-scale screening for cold-tolerant genes among Citrus relatives is the small number of accessions in genera related to Citrus (Barkley, 2003; Bayer et al., 2009). Many of the distant Citrus relatives used in this study, including Severinia, Glycosmis, and Casimiroa, were among the most cold-tolerant. These species do not readily cross with Citrus. Cross-compatibility tends to decrease as distance increases among taxa as a result of pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers to hybridization (Ladizinsky, 1992). There has been very little successful intergeneric sexual hybridization between the Aurantioideae and Toddaliodaea. However, use of biotechnology has generated intergeneric somatic hybrids of some sexual-incompatible taxa such as C. senensis ‘Hamlin’ combined with Severinia disticha and Citropsis gillentiana, Citrus + Citropsis, and Citrus + Severinia (Grosser et al., 1990, 1998; Grosser and Gmitter, 1990; Medina-Filho et al., 1998). These approaches may permit integration of genes for cold-hardiness.

It is noteworthy that the lowest dieback in the Citrus genepool in 2011 was observed for seedlings with parental genotypes including Poncirus trifoliata or hybrids of pummelo × mandarin (including sour orange types). Only one parental genotype with Poncirus in its pedigree (CRC3552) showed more than 14% dieback, and two parental genotypes that were Poncirus × cultivated Citrus displayed only 4% dieback. Poncirus and Citrus are sexually and graft-compatible (Gmitter, 1994; Grosser and Gmitter, 1990; Sanghera et al., 2011). Poncirus has been used in many intergeneric crosses to increase cold tolerance, although the fruit of Poncirus itself is inedible (Barrett, 1990; Gmitter, 1994; Tignor et al., 1998). The USDA citrus breeding program has been using Poncirus in some hybridizations for many years, specifically to enhance cold-hardiness (Barrett and Young, 1982; Tignor et al., 1998) and many advanced selections now include Poncirus in their pedigree, although so far none has been released as cultivars.

Six parental genotypes that were in the pummelo × mandarin hybrid or sour orange group had less than 25% dieback, but four pummelo × mandarin hybrids and sour orange parental types and many pummelos and mandarins showed substantial dieback. Somewhat surprising in this study was the minimal cold damage to seedlings of Mato Buntan pummelo, because pummelos are generally considered more “tropical” than mandarins and sweet oranges. However, Mato Buntan is the seed parent of Tanikawa Butan, which is relatively more cold-tolerant than most pummelos (Hodgson, 1967), and pummelos are completely monoembryonic; therefore, each of the seedlings in our test were unique hybrids. These results suggest that judicious breeding through selection of appropriate parents may confer greater cold-hardiness even through conventional citrus breeding, because pummelo and mandarin provide the primary genetic contribution to most commercial citrus scions.

Literature Cited

  • Barkley, N.L.A. 2003 Genetic diversity in a citrus germplasm collection characterized with simple sequence repeat markers. PhD diss., Univ. Calif., Riverside, CA

  • Barrett, H.C. 1990 US 119, an intergeneric hybrid citrus scion breeding line HortScience 25 1670 1671

  • Barrett, H.C. & Young, R. 1982 New sources of cold hardiness for citrus breeding HortScience 17 886

  • Bayer, R.J., Mabberley, D.J., Morton, C., Miller, C.H., Sharma, I.K., Pfeil, P., Rich, S., Hitchcock, R. & Sykes, S. 2009 A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences Amer. J. Bot 96 668 685

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bourgeois, W.J., Adams, A.J. & Snipe, D.R. 1990 Effectiveness of scaffold branch irrigation for freeze protection of Louisiana citrus during 1989 freeze Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 103 62 64

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Champ, K.I., Febres, V.J. & Moore, G.A. 2007 The role of CBF transcriptional activators in two Citrus species (Poncirus and Citrus) with contrasting levels of freezing tolerance Physiol. Plant. 129 529 541

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cooper, W.C., Taylor, S. & Maxwell, N. 1955 Preliminary studies on cold hardiness in citrus as related to cambial activity and bud growth Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Soc. 9 2 16

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, F.S. & Albrigo, L.G. 1994 Citrus, p. 134–135. In: Davies, F.S. and L.G. Albrigo (eds.). Crop production science in horticulture series. CAB International, Wallingford, UK

  • Davies, F.S., Jackson, L.K. & Rippetoe, L.W. 1984 Low volume irrigation and tree wraps for cold protection of young Hamlin orange trees Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97 25 27

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ebel, R.C., Nesbitt, M.L., Dozier, W.A. & Dane, F. 2008 Freeze risk and protection measures of Satsuma mandarins grown in the southeastern United States HortScience 43 287 289

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ebel, R.C., Nesbitt, M.L., Dozier, W.A., Lindsey, J.K. & Wilkins, B.S. 2005 A temperature index model to estimate long-term freeze-risk of Satsuma mandarins grown on the Northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130 500 507

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fleming, G.H., Olivares-Fuster, O., Del-Bosco, S.F. & Grosser, J.W. 2000 An alternative method for the genetic transformation of sweet orange In Vitro Cellular Dev. Biol. Plant 36 450 455

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) 2014 Archived Weather Data. Mar. 2014. <http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu>

  • Frost, H.B. & Soost, R.K. 1968 Seed reproduction: Development of gametes and embryos, p. 290–324. In: Reuther, W., L.D. Batchelor, and H.J. Webber (eds.). The citrus industry. Vol. 2. Anatomy, physiology, genetics, and reproduction. Univ. California, Berkeley, CA

  • Gmitter, F.G. Jr 1994 Contemporary approaches to improving citrus cultivars HortTechnology 4 206 210

  • Grosser, J.W. & Gmitter, F.G. Jr 1990 Protoplast fusion and citrus improvement Plant Breed. Rev. 8 339 374

  • Grosser, J.W., Gmitter, F.G. Jr & Chandler, J.L. 1998 Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin and Poncirus trifoliata cv. Flying dragon Plant Cell Rpt. 7 5 8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grosser, J.W., Gmitter, F.G. Jr, Tusa, N. & Chandler, J.L. 1990 Somatic hybrid plants from sexually incompatible woody species: Citrus reticulata and Citropsis gilletiana Plant Cell Rpt. 8 656 659

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grosser, J.W., Ollitrault, P. & Olivares-Fuster, O. 2000 Invited review: Somatic hybridization in Citrus: An effective tool to facilitate variety improvement In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 36 434 449

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • He, L.G., Wang, H.L., Liu, D.C., Zhao, Y.J., Xu, M., Zhu, M. & Sunday, Z.H. 2012 Isolation and expression of a cold-responsive gene PtCBF in Poncirus trifoliata and isolation of citrus CBF promoters Biol. Plant. 56 484 492

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hendershott, C.H. 1962 The response of orange trees and fruits to freezing temperatures Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80 247 254

  • Hodgson, R.W. 1967 Horticultural varieties of Citrus, p. 431–587. In: Reuther, W., H.J. Webber, and L.D. Batchelor (eds.). The citrus industry volume 1. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA, and Los Angeles, CA

  • Huang, Y., Si, Y. & Dane, F. 2011 Impact of grafting on cold responsive gene expression in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Euphytica 177 25 32

  • Jackson, L.W., Buchanan, D.W. & Rippetoe, L.W. 1983 Comparison of wraps and soil banks for Citrus cold protection Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 96 29 31

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ketchie, D.O. 1969 Methods of determining cold hardiness and cold injury in citrus. Proc. First Intl. Citrus Symp. 2:559–563

  • Ladizinsky, G. 1992 Crossability relations, p. 15–31. In: Kallo, G. and J.B. Chowdhury (eds.). Distant hybridization in crop plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany

  • Lang, P., Zhang, C., Ebel, R.C., Dane, F. & Dozier, W.A. 2005 Identification of cold acclimated genes in leaves of Citrus unshiu by mRNA differential display Gene 359 111 118

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Long, G., Song, J., Deng, Z., Liu, J. & Rao, L. 2012 Ptcorp gene induced by cold stress was identified by proteomic analysis in leaves of Poncirus trifoliata Mol. Biol. Rpt. 39 5859 5866

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luth, D. & Moore, G.A. 1999 Transgenic grapefruit plants obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 57 219 222

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Medina-Filho, H., Bordignon, P. & Ballve, R.M.L. 1998 Sunkifolias and Buxisunkis: Sexually obtained reciprocal hybrids of Citrus sunki × Serverinia buxifolia Genet. Mol. Biol. 21 129 133

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, K.A. 1991 Response of Florida citrus growers to the freezes of the 1980s Clim. Res. 1 133 144

  • Moore, G. A., Jacono, C.C., Neidigh, J.L., Lawrence, S.D. & Cline, K. 1992 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus stem segments and regeneration of transgenic plants Plant Cell Rpt. 11 238 242

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Agricultural Statistics Services 2012 State Agriculture Overview. Mar. 2014. <http://www.nass.usda.gov>

  • Nisbitt, M.L., Ebel, R.C., Dozier, W.A., McDaniel, N.R. & Himelrick, D.G. 2000 Performance of Satsuma mandarin protected from freezing temperatures by microsprinkler irrigation HortScience 37 871 877

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Penjor, T., Yamamoto, M., Uehara, M., Ide, M., Matsumoto, N., Matsumoto, R. & Magano, Y. 2013 Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on matK gene sequences PLoS One 8 1 13

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rieger, M., Krewer, G., Lewis, P., Linton, M. & McClendon, T. 2003 Field evaluation of cold hardy citrus in coastal Georgia HortTechnology 13 540 544

  • Sahin-Çevik, M. & Moore, G.A. 2006 Identification and expression analysis of cold-regulated genes from the cold-hardy Citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata (L.). Raf Plant Mol. Biol. 62 83 97

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanghera, G.S., Wani, S.H., Hussain, W. & Singh, N.B. 2011 Engineering cold stress tolerance in crop plants Curr. Genomics 12 30 43

  • SAS Institute Inc 2013 JMP®, Version 11. Cary, NC

  • Soost, R.K. & Cameron, J.W. 1975 Citrus, p. 507–540. In: Janick, J. and J.N. Moore (eds.). Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN

  • Soost, R.K. & Roose, M.L. 1996 Citrus, p. 257–323. In: Janick, J. and J.N. Moore (eds.). Fruit breeding: Tree and tropical fruits. John Wiley, New York, NY

  • Tignor, M.E., Davies, F.S. & Sherman, W.B. 1998 Freezing tolerance and growth characteristics of USDA intergeneric citrus hybrids US119 and selection 17-11 HortScience 33 744 748

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UC IPM Online 2014 Weather, models, & degree-days. Mar. 2014. <http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WEATHER/index.html>

  • Webber, C.A., Moore, G.A., Deng, Z. & Gmitter, F.G. Jr 2003 Mapping freeze tolerance quantitative trait loci in Citrus grandis × Poncirus trifoliata F1 pseudo-test crossing using molecular markers J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128 508 514

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yelenosky, G. 1975 Cold hardening in Citrus stems Plant Physiol. 56 540 545

  • Yelenosky, G. 1985 Cold hardiness in citrus Hort. Rev. 7 201 238

  • Yelenosky, G. 1996 An overview of Florida Citrus freeze survival Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 109 118 123

  • Yelenosky, G. & Vu, J.C.V. 1992 Ability of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange to cold-acclimate on cold-sensitive citron rootstock HortScience 27 1201 1203

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yao, J. L., Wu, J.H., Gleave, A.P. & Morris, B.A.M. 1996 Transformation of citrus embryogenic cells using particle bombardment and production of transgenic embryos Plant Sci. 113 175 183

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zhang, C.K., Lang, P., Dane, F., Ebel, R.C., Singh, N.K., Locy, R.D. & Dozier, W.A. 2005 Cold acclimation induced genes of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) Plant Cell Rpt. 23 764 769

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Day length (hh:mm) and minimum and maximum temperatures (°C) for Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 (1 Nov. 2009 to 30 Jan. 2010) and (B) Winter 2011 (1 Nov. 2010 to 30 Jan. 2011).

  • Average defoliation (%) and dieback (%) of citrus taxonomic groups for progenies of 94 Citrus and Citrus relative seed source genotypes exposed to freezing temperatures in the field in Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 and (B) Winter 2011. Means within years were compared using the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric means separation test.

  • Barkley, N.L.A. 2003 Genetic diversity in a citrus germplasm collection characterized with simple sequence repeat markers. PhD diss., Univ. Calif., Riverside, CA

  • Barrett, H.C. 1990 US 119, an intergeneric hybrid citrus scion breeding line HortScience 25 1670 1671

  • Barrett, H.C. & Young, R. 1982 New sources of cold hardiness for citrus breeding HortScience 17 886

  • Bayer, R.J., Mabberley, D.J., Morton, C., Miller, C.H., Sharma, I.K., Pfeil, P., Rich, S., Hitchcock, R. & Sykes, S. 2009 A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences Amer. J. Bot 96 668 685

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bourgeois, W.J., Adams, A.J. & Snipe, D.R. 1990 Effectiveness of scaffold branch irrigation for freeze protection of Louisiana citrus during 1989 freeze Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 103 62 64

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Champ, K.I., Febres, V.J. & Moore, G.A. 2007 The role of CBF transcriptional activators in two Citrus species (Poncirus and Citrus) with contrasting levels of freezing tolerance Physiol. Plant. 129 529 541

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cooper, W.C., Taylor, S. & Maxwell, N. 1955 Preliminary studies on cold hardiness in citrus as related to cambial activity and bud growth Proc. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Soc. 9 2 16

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davies, F.S. & Albrigo, L.G. 1994 Citrus, p. 134–135. In: Davies, F.S. and L.G. Albrigo (eds.). Crop production science in horticulture series. CAB International, Wallingford, UK

  • Davies, F.S., Jackson, L.K. & Rippetoe, L.W. 1984 Low volume irrigation and tree wraps for cold protection of young Hamlin orange trees Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97 25 27

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ebel, R.C., Nesbitt, M.L., Dozier, W.A. & Dane, F. 2008 Freeze risk and protection measures of Satsuma mandarins grown in the southeastern United States HortScience 43 287 289

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ebel, R.C., Nesbitt, M.L., Dozier, W.A., Lindsey, J.K. & Wilkins, B.S. 2005 A temperature index model to estimate long-term freeze-risk of Satsuma mandarins grown on the Northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130 500 507

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fleming, G.H., Olivares-Fuster, O., Del-Bosco, S.F. & Grosser, J.W. 2000 An alternative method for the genetic transformation of sweet orange In Vitro Cellular Dev. Biol. Plant 36 450 455

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) 2014 Archived Weather Data. Mar. 2014. <http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu>

  • Frost, H.B. & Soost, R.K. 1968 Seed reproduction: Development of gametes and embryos, p. 290–324. In: Reuther, W., L.D. Batchelor, and H.J. Webber (eds.). The citrus industry. Vol. 2. Anatomy, physiology, genetics, and reproduction. Univ. California, Berkeley, CA

  • Gmitter, F.G. Jr 1994 Contemporary approaches to improving citrus cultivars HortTechnology 4 206 210

  • Grosser, J.W. & Gmitter, F.G. Jr 1990 Protoplast fusion and citrus improvement Plant Breed. Rev. 8 339 374

  • Grosser, J.W., Gmitter, F.G. Jr & Chandler, J.L. 1998 Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin and Poncirus trifoliata cv. Flying dragon Plant Cell Rpt. 7 5 8

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grosser, J.W., Gmitter, F.G. Jr, Tusa, N. & Chandler, J.L. 1990 Somatic hybrid plants from sexually incompatible woody species: Citrus reticulata and Citropsis gilletiana Plant Cell Rpt. 8 656 659

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grosser, J.W., Ollitrault, P. & Olivares-Fuster, O. 2000 Invited review: Somatic hybridization in Citrus: An effective tool to facilitate variety improvement In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 36 434 449

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • He, L.G., Wang, H.L., Liu, D.C., Zhao, Y.J., Xu, M., Zhu, M. & Sunday, Z.H. 2012 Isolation and expression of a cold-responsive gene PtCBF in Poncirus trifoliata and isolation of citrus CBF promoters Biol. Plant. 56 484 492

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hendershott, C.H. 1962 The response of orange trees and fruits to freezing temperatures Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80 247 254

  • Hodgson, R.W. 1967 Horticultural varieties of Citrus, p. 431–587. In: Reuther, W., H.J. Webber, and L.D. Batchelor (eds.). The citrus industry volume 1. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA, and Los Angeles, CA

  • Huang, Y., Si, Y. & Dane, F. 2011 Impact of grafting on cold responsive gene expression in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Euphytica 177 25 32

  • Jackson, L.W., Buchanan, D.W. & Rippetoe, L.W. 1983 Comparison of wraps and soil banks for Citrus cold protection Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 96 29 31

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ketchie, D.O. 1969 Methods of determining cold hardiness and cold injury in citrus. Proc. First Intl. Citrus Symp. 2:559–563

  • Ladizinsky, G. 1992 Crossability relations, p. 15–31. In: Kallo, G. and J.B. Chowdhury (eds.). Distant hybridization in crop plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany

  • Lang, P., Zhang, C., Ebel, R.C., Dane, F. & Dozier, W.A. 2005 Identification of cold acclimated genes in leaves of Citrus unshiu by mRNA differential display Gene 359 111 118

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Long, G., Song, J., Deng, Z., Liu, J. & Rao, L. 2012 Ptcorp gene induced by cold stress was identified by proteomic analysis in leaves of Poncirus trifoliata Mol. Biol. Rpt. 39 5859 5866

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luth, D. & Moore, G.A. 1999 Transgenic grapefruit plants obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 57 219 222

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Medina-Filho, H., Bordignon, P. & Ballve, R.M.L. 1998 Sunkifolias and Buxisunkis: Sexually obtained reciprocal hybrids of Citrus sunki × Serverinia buxifolia Genet. Mol. Biol. 21 129 133

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, K.A. 1991 Response of Florida citrus growers to the freezes of the 1980s Clim. Res. 1 133 144

  • Moore, G. A., Jacono, C.C., Neidigh, J.L., Lawrence, S.D. & Cline, K. 1992 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus stem segments and regeneration of transgenic plants Plant Cell Rpt. 11 238 242

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • National Agricultural Statistics Services 2012 State Agriculture Overview. Mar. 2014. <http://www.nass.usda.gov>

  • Nisbitt, M.L., Ebel, R.C., Dozier, W.A., McDaniel, N.R. & Himelrick, D.G. 2000 Performance of Satsuma mandarin protected from freezing temperatures by microsprinkler irrigation HortScience 37 871 877

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Penjor, T., Yamamoto, M., Uehara, M., Ide, M., Matsumoto, N., Matsumoto, R. & Magano, Y. 2013 Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on matK gene sequences PLoS One 8 1 13

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rieger, M., Krewer, G., Lewis, P., Linton, M. & McClendon, T. 2003 Field evaluation of cold hardy citrus in coastal Georgia HortTechnology 13 540 544

  • Sahin-Çevik, M. & Moore, G.A. 2006 Identification and expression analysis of cold-regulated genes from the cold-hardy Citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata (L.). Raf Plant Mol. Biol. 62 83 97

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sanghera, G.S., Wani, S.H., Hussain, W. & Singh, N.B. 2011 Engineering cold stress tolerance in crop plants Curr. Genomics 12 30 43

  • SAS Institute Inc 2013 JMP®, Version 11. Cary, NC

  • Soost, R.K. & Cameron, J.W. 1975 Citrus, p. 507–540. In: Janick, J. and J.N. Moore (eds.). Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN

  • Soost, R.K. & Roose, M.L. 1996 Citrus, p. 257–323. In: Janick, J. and J.N. Moore (eds.). Fruit breeding: Tree and tropical fruits. John Wiley, New York, NY

  • Tignor, M.E., Davies, F.S. & Sherman, W.B. 1998 Freezing tolerance and growth characteristics of USDA intergeneric citrus hybrids US119 and selection 17-11 HortScience 33 744 748

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UC IPM Online 2014 Weather, models, & degree-days. Mar. 2014. <http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WEATHER/index.html>

  • Webber, C.A., Moore, G.A., Deng, Z. & Gmitter, F.G. Jr 2003 Mapping freeze tolerance quantitative trait loci in Citrus grandis × Poncirus trifoliata F1 pseudo-test crossing using molecular markers J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128 508 514

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yelenosky, G. 1975 Cold hardening in Citrus stems Plant Physiol. 56 540 545

  • Yelenosky, G. 1985 Cold hardiness in citrus Hort. Rev. 7 201 238

  • Yelenosky, G. 1996 An overview of Florida Citrus freeze survival Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 109 118 123

  • Yelenosky, G. & Vu, J.C.V. 1992 Ability of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange to cold-acclimate on cold-sensitive citron rootstock HortScience 27 1201 1203

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yao, J. L., Wu, J.H., Gleave, A.P. & Morris, B.A.M. 1996 Transformation of citrus embryogenic cells using particle bombardment and production of transgenic embryos Plant Sci. 113 175 183

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zhang, C.K., Lang, P., Dane, F., Ebel, R.C., Singh, N.K., Locy, R.D. & Dozier, W.A. 2005 Cold acclimation induced genes of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) Plant Cell Rpt. 23 764 769

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Sharon Inch U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Sharon Inch in
Google Scholar
Close
,
Ed Stover U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Ed Stover in
Google Scholar
Close
,
Randall Driggers U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945

Search for other papers by Randall Driggers in
Google Scholar
Close
, and
Richard F. Lee National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1060 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Riverside, CA 92521

Search for other papers by Richard F. Lee in
Google Scholar
Close

Contributor Notes

Thanks to Steve Mayo, Sean Reif, Diane Helseth, Scott Ciliento, and Jonathan Worton for their assistance in the field.

To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail Ed.Stover@ars.usda.gov.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 976 583 413
PDF Downloads 458 172 7
Save
  • Day length (hh:mm) and minimum and maximum temperatures (°C) for Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 (1 Nov. 2009 to 30 Jan. 2010) and (B) Winter 2011 (1 Nov. 2010 to 30 Jan. 2011).

  • Average defoliation (%) and dieback (%) of citrus taxonomic groups for progenies of 94 Citrus and Citrus relative seed source genotypes exposed to freezing temperatures in the field in Fort Pierce, FL, in (A) Winter 2010 and (B) Winter 2011. Means within years were compared using the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric means separation test.

Advertisement
Advertisement