Abstract
‘Covington’ is an orange-fleshed, smooth-skinned, rose-colored, table-stock sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] developed by North Carolina State University (NCSU). ‘Covington’, named after the late Henry M. Covington, an esteemed sweetpotato scientist at North Carolina State, was evaluated as NC98-608 in multiple state and regional yield trials during 2001 to 2006. ‘Covington’ produces yields equal to ‘Beauregard’, a dominant sweetpotato variety produced in the United States, but it is typically 5 to 10 days later in maturity. ‘Covington’ typically sizes its storage roots more evenly than ‘Beauregard’ resulting in fewer jumbo class roots and a higher percentage of number one roots. Total yields are similar for the two clones with the dry matter content of ‘Covington’ storage roots typically being 1 to 2 points higher than that of ‘Beauregard’. ‘Covington’ is resistant to fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f.sp. batatas (Wollenw.) Snyd. & Hans.], southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White 1919) Chitwood 1949 race 3], and moderately resistant to streptomyces soil rot [Streptomyces ipomoeae (Person & W.J. Martin) Wakswan & Henrici]. Symptoms of the russet crack strain of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus have not been observed in ‘Covington’. The flavor of the baked storage roots of ‘Covington’ has been rated as very good by standardized and informal taste panels and typically scores as well or better in this regard when compared with ‘Beauregard’.
‘Covington’ originated from botanical seed harvested from the sweetpotato clone NC1528 (female parent). NC1528, an NCSU breeding line derived from ‘Regal’ (Jones et al., 1985), was one of 26 genotypes present in the sweetpotato breeding and genetics program 1997 open-pollinated polycross Streptomyces soil rot (SSR) breeding nursery. The SSR breeding nursery was planted at the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service's (NCDA&CS) Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, Johnston County, NC. The 26 genotypes present in the SSR breeding nursery were randomly mated; therefore, the male parent of ‘Covington’ is unknown. Seedlings from the SSR breeding nursery were planted in the NCSU Horticultural Sciences greenhouses in Mar. 1998. A single cutting was taken from each seedling and planted in the field in May 1998 in an “on-farm” trial and selected as a “single-hill selection” on 9 Sept. 1998. A “single-hill selection” includes the storage roots derived from the single plant cutting, typically ranging from two to 15 storage roots with two to 10 storage roots from selected hills being saved for asexual plant propagation the next year. The trial was conducted in Green County near Kinston, NC. ‘Covington’ was vegetatively increased, evaluated, and advanced as the clone NC98-608 with “98” referring to the year in which ‘Covington’ was selected as a “single-hill” and “608” indicating that ‘Covington’ was the 608th “single-hill selection” made by the breeding program in 1998. ‘Covington’ was first recognized as being a potentially competitive commercial cultivar after two further cycles of simultaneous increase and evaluation at the NCDA&CS Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, NC, and the NCSU Cunningham Research Station, Kinston, NC, during 1999 and 2000.
Description
The following description of ‘Covington’ provides standard sweetpotato taxonomic descriptors recommended by the International Potato Center, Asian Vegetable Research & Development Center, and International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (Huaman, 1991). Color determinations were made using the 2001 Edition of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Color Chart (Royal Horticultural Society, 2001) except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.
Foliage.
‘Covington’ has leaves that are cordate to triangular in shape with no to slight lobing. Mature leaves are green, between 147A and 147B on the upper surface and 147B on the lower surface according to the RHS chart with no abaxial or adaxial vein coloration. Young leaf color differs slightly from ‘Beauregard’ (Rolston et al., 1987) in that ‘Covington’ has more purple pigmentation than ‘Beauregard’. ‘Covington’ upper and lower leaf surfaces have a green base (147B) with secondary purple (N79A), whereas ‘Beauregard’ has a green base (147A) with secondary purple (N79B). Petioles are green (144B) with no secondary pigmentation. ‘Beauregard’ has a purple (N79B) spot at the base of the main rib on the leaf underside, whereas ‘Covington’ does not. Stems are green and thicker for ‘Covington’ than ‘Beauregard’ with less branching. ‘Covington’ produces a dense, somewhat upright canopy that competes well with weeds.
Flowers.
‘Covington’ flowers sporadically throughout the season in response to a variety of stressful conditions (e.g., drought, nutrient stress, cloudy weather). The corolla is composed of five fused petals that form a funnel with a pentagonal limb. The flower has slight to no fragrance. The inner and outer limbs of the flower corolla are lavender (76B). The outer throat is lavender (N80B) and the inner throat purple (N80A). Both inner and outer sepals are green (144D and 144C) and ovate with an acute apex. Corolla width averages 4.5 cm and length 4.3 cm. The stigma is cream-colored (155D) and is slightly exerted relative to the stamens. There are five cream (158B) colored anthers that average 2.7 mm long. Pollen is cream (158B) and produced in moderate amounts. True seed have never been obtained from ‘Covington’ as a female parent and it is considered female sterile. A few seed have been produced using it as the male parent in controlled crosses, but less than 1% of the pollinations have been successful. In practical terms, ‘Covington’ is essentially male sterile. Stained pollen appears normal and the cause of the extremely low fertility is not known.
Storage roots.
Storage roots of ‘Covington’ are oblong, to elliptic, to round elliptic (Figs. 1 and 2). Length/diameter ratio averaged 2:1 for ‘Covington’ compared with 2:5 for ‘Beauregard’ averaged over 45 trials in North Carolina. Storage root skin color varies from light to medium rose (33D to 34D) and tends to darken during storage. Flesh color is a uniform orange (28B to 28C) similar to or slightly lighter than ‘Beauregard’. Storage root dry matter of ‘Covington’ averages 19.7% ± 0.3% compared with 18.7% ± 0.3% for ‘Beauregard’ when grown in North Carolina.
Typical U.S. No. 1 storage roots of ‘Covington’.
Citation: HortScience horts 43, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1911
Comparison of ‘Covington’ (top) and ‘Beauregard’ (bottom) storage roots in a 91-cm section of row from an advanced yield trial conducted in Clinton, NC, 2007.
Citation: HortScience horts 43, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1911
Disease Reactions
‘Covington’ is resistant to southern root-knot nematode (RKN) race 3. In greenhouse tests, the resistance is greater than resistant ‘Jewel’ and highly susceptible clones ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Porto Rico’. In tests from 2003, 2004, and 2005, average ratings for RKN egg masses for ‘Covington’ were 0.7 (‘Jewel’ = 1.4, ‘Beauregard’ = 4.1, ‘Porto Rico’ = 4.3). Egg masses were estimated using a scale of 0 to 5 in which 0 = no symptoms, 1 = one to three per plant, 2 = four to 10 per plant, 3 = 11 to 30 per plant, 4 = 31 to 100 per plant, and 5 = greater than 100 per plant. The resistance of ‘Covington’ to southern root-knot nematode race 3 has been independently confirmed by Dr. Judy Thies, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC (personal correspondence).
‘Covington’ is resistant to fusarium wilt or stem rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Replicated greenhouse testing and field observations demonstrate that resistance is similar to resistant ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Jewel’ and greater than susceptible ‘Porto Rico’. ‘Covington’ is moderately resistant to soil rot, caused by Streptomyces ipomoeae, similar in reaction to resistant ‘Beauregard’, and much more resistant than susceptible ‘Jewel’. Yields in our soil rot disease plot were similar to that of ‘Beauregard’ with similar incidence of root lesions. Table 1 provides a summary of these three disease screens for ‘Covington’.
Summary of disease screens of ‘Covington’ for the years 2000 to 2004.
In terms of postharvest pathogens, ‘Covington’ is more susceptible to Rhizopus soft rot than ‘Beauregard’ but slightly more resistant than ‘Hernandez’ (Edmunds and Holmes, 2008). Russet crack, caused by a strain of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus (Campbell et al., 1974), has not been observed in ‘Covington’, although it was present in ‘Beauregard’ in numerous trials in North Carolina.
Insect Resistance
‘Covington’ was not significantly different from ‘Beauregard’ in overall percentage of roots damaged or by damage caused by the WDS (Wireworm, Diabrotica, Systena) complex (Schalk et al., 1991) over replicated trials conducted in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Damage caused by the sweetpotato flea beetle, Chaetocenema confinis Crotch., was significantly lower for ‘Covington’ than ‘Beauregard’ (Table 2).
Insect damage of ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ in replicated trials in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 at Kinston, NC.
Plant Bed Performance
Bedded roots produce similar to fewer sprouts than ‘Beauregard’. Plants of ‘Covington’ derived from transplant beds are typically thicker with the average stem diameter for ‘Covington’ being 4.1 mm as compared with ‘Beauregard’ averaging 3.5 mm in diameter (n = 50). ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ produce similar length plants (20.1 mm and 20 mm in height, respectively; n = 50) with the same number of nodes per cutting (both producing 8.9 nodes per cutting; n = 50). During cool transplant production seasons, ‘Covington’ produces shorter, stockier plants that are ready to cut a week later as compared with ‘Beauregard’. Greenhouse plant production of ‘Covington’ generally lags behind that of ‘Beauregard’ with the effect lessened under very hot spring conditions.
Root Yield and Grade
‘Covington’ was compared with ‘Beauregard’ in randomized complete block trials with four or six replications at various locations in North Carolina. There were 36 trials over a period of 6 years (2001 to 2006). These trials covered a wide range of soil types, planting dates, and growing days. Yield and grade of ‘Covington’ consistently compared favorably with ‘Beauregard’ (Table 3). Differences between ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ in the percentage of U.S. No. 1 grade roots were statistically significant in 12 of the 36 trials, and in nine of these, ‘Covington’ produced the higher percentage U.S. No. 1s. Total yield and total marketable yield averaged over all trials is similar, but with differences in how the roots are distributed into the size classes. ‘Covington’ tends to size roots more uniformly resulting in a higher percentage of No. 1 roots (Table 3; Fig. 2).
Average yield of ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ in replicated yield trials in North Carolinaz.
‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ were also included in the National Sweetpotato Collaborators 2004, 2005, and 2006 yield trials in 11, 12, and nine trials, respectively. ‘Covington’ averaged lower yields in 2004 and 2005 but higher yields in 2006 (Table 4). ‘Covington’ shows some regional adaptation, performing better in the southeast and not as well in the deep south areas of Louisiana and Mississippi in these trials when compared with ‘Beauregard’.
Average yield by grade of ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ in National Sweetpotato Collaborators regional trialsz.
Cultural Management
We have examined the effects of in-row spacing and nitrogen rate and application timing on ‘Covington’ sweetpotato yield and grades in North Carolina. ‘Beauregard’ yielded best when in-row spacing was close, 15.2 to 22.9 cm (Schultheis et al., 1999). With ‘Covington’, when moisture is not limiting, and for earlier harvest [90 d after planting (DAP)], wider 38.1-cm in-row spacing between plants resulted in the most yield compared with 15.2, 30.5, and 38.1 cm. For later harvests (105 to 120 DAP), which are more typical, the 30.5-cm in-row spacing resulted in the best yields of marketable U.S. Grade No. 1 roots. In earlier studies, ‘Beauregard’ has been reported to need limited amounts of nitrogen during the production season [56.0 kg·ha−1 N (50 lb/acre N)] (Schultheis et al., 1999). However, ‘Covington’ has been more responsive to higher rates of nitrogen compared with ‘Beauregard’ because U.S. Grade No. 1 root yields were consistently greater when 100.9 kg·ha1 (90 lb per acre) were applied versus 0, 33.6, and 67.3 kg·ha−1 (30, 60, and 90 lbs per acre), respectively, during the production season. In some cases, ‘Covington’ roots sized quicker when nitrogen was applied as a split application 10 and 28 DAP rather than as a single application.
Storage
Roots of ‘Covington’ store well without excessive weight loss from storage rots or dehydration. In controlled storage environments (relative humidity, 85%; temperature, 15.5 °C), roots remain marketable for several months, similar to ‘Beauregard’. Baked or canned roots have a good, uniform orange color, slightly lighter in color and darker in tone than ‘Beauregard’, and both products have very good taste as judged by tests with untrained taste panels.
Chemical and Nutritional Analyses
Nutrient composition of ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ roots are shown in Table 5. Dry matter content of ‘Covington’ averaged 20%, which was slightly higher than that of ‘Beauregard’. ‘Covington’ had higher starch content, °Brix, and total sugars. The two cultivars had similar levels of fat, protein, ash, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and reducing sugars. Beta-carotene in ‘Covington’ was 9.1 mg per 100 g fresh weight and was comparable with the levels of ‘Beauregard’ and other commercial cultivars.
Nutrient components of ‘Covington’ and ‘Beauregard’ storage roots.
Availability
‘Covington’ was granted Plant Patent status on 26 Feb. 2008 (U.S. Plant Patent No. 18516). Dr. Zvezdana Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Director of the NCSU Micropropagation Unit, Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Campus Box 7616, 3709 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 is in charge of providing virus-indexed nuclear planting propagules of ‘Covington’. At present, nuclear stocks of ‘Covington’ are only provided to North Carolina Crop Improvement Association-approved, certified Sweet Potato Seed Producer Association members. Certified seed producers are licensed to provide certified plants and/or seed roots to growers. A complete listing of certified seed producers can be found at the web site of the NC SweetPotato Commission, Inc. at <http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/> under the “address list” link. Growers interested in obtaining a license to propagate and/or sell ‘Covington’ should contact Dr. Daryl Bowman, Professor and Director, NC Foundation Seed Producers, 3709 Hillsborough Street, Box 8604, Raleigh, NC 27695-8604.
Literature Cited
Campbell, R.N. , Hall, D.H. & Mielinis, N.M. 1974 Etiology of sweet potato russet crack disease Phytopathology 64 210 218
Edmunds, B.A. & Holmes, G.J. 2008 Susceptibility of sweetpotato tablestock and high dry matter cultigens to Rhizopus soft rot Plant Dis. Mgt. Rpt. Report no. 2:V146
Huaman Z. 1991 Descriptors for sweet potato CIP, AVRDC, IBPGR Rome, Italy
Jones, A. , Dukes, P.D. , Schalk, J.M. , Hamilton, M.G. , Mullen, M.A. , Baumgardner, R.A. , Paterson, D.R. & Boswell, T.E. 1985 ‘Regal’ sweet potato HortScience 20 781 782
Rolston, L.H. , Clark, C.A. , Cannon, J.M. , Randle, W.M. , Riley, E.G. , Wilson, P.W. & Robbins, M.L. 1987 ‘Beauregard’ sweet potato HortScience 22 1338 1339
Royal Horticultural Society 2001 RHS colour charts RHS London, UK
Schalk, J.M. , Jones, A. , Dukes, P.D. & Peterson, J.K. 1991 Approaches to the control of multiple insect problems in sweet potato in the southeastern United States 283 301 Jansson R.K. & Raman K.V. Sweet potato pest management, a global perspective Westview Press Inc Boulder, CO